Bio-inspiration in the wings of man-made flyers
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Published:
Oct 8, 2018
Keywords:
Bio-inspired Biomimetics Micro air vehicle Flapping wing Insect flight
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Abstract
Natural flyers have been excellent prototypes of various air vehicles. A lot of efforts have been put into mimicking bio-flight mechanisms in order to achieve similar aerodynamic performances such as lift and thrust enhancement and high stability with minimal power consumption. This article reviews a wide range of biologically-inspired air vehicles, focusing on the analogy between the wings of nature-made and man-made flyers.
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Rojratsirikul, P. (2018). Bio-inspiration in the wings of man-made flyers. Journal of Research and Applications in Mechanical Engineering, 1(3), 1–7. Retrieved from https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jrame/article/view/149672
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RESEARCH ARTICLES
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References
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[27] Rojratsirikul, P., Genc, M. S., Wang, Z. and Gursul, I. (2011).Flow-induced vibrations of low aspect ratio rectangular membrane wings.Journal of Fluids and Structures, 27, pp. 1296-1309.
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[30] Lull, R.S. (1906).Volant adaptation in vertebrates.American Naturalist, 40, pp. 537-566.
[31] Hankin, E.H. and Watson, D.M.S. (1914).On the flight of pterodactyls.Aeronautical Journal, 18, pp. 324-335.
[32] Short, G.H. (1914).Wing adjustments of pterosaurs.Aeronautical Journal, 18, pp. 336-342.
[33] Brown, B. (1943).Flying reptiles.Natural History, 52, pp. 104-111.
[34] Bramwell, C.D. (1971).Aerodynamics of Pteranodon.Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal, 3, pp. 313-328.
[35] Heptonstall, W.B. (1971). An analysis of the flight of the Cretaceous pterodactyl: Pteranodoningens. Scottish Journal of Geology, 1, pp. 61-78.
[36] Whitfield, G.R. (1979). Engineering and aerodynamics of a flying dinosaur: Pteranodon. Science and Mechanics, 118, pp. 56-58.
[37] Brower, J.C. (1980). Pterosaurs: how they flew, Episodes, 4, pp. 21-24.
[38] Sneyd, A.D., Bundock, M.S. and Reid, D. (1982).Possible effects of wing flexibility on the aerodynamics of Pteranodon.Am. Nat, 120, pp. 455-477.
[39] Williston, S.W. (1902).On the skeleton of Nyctodactylus with restoration.American Journal of Anatomy, 1, pp. 297-305.
[40] Brower, J.C. (1983).The aerodynamics of Pteranodon and Nyctosaurus, Two large pterosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Kansas.Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 3(2), pp. 84-124.
[41] Brower, J.C. and Veinus, J. (1981).Allometry in pterosaus.University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 105:32.
[42] Fink, M.P. (1967).Full-scale investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of a model employing a sailwing concept. NASA Technical Note D-4062:27.
[43] Fink, M.P. (1969).Full-scale investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of a sailwing of aspect ratio of 5.9. NASA Technical Note D-5047:30.
[44] Maughmer, M.D. (1979).A comparison of the aerodynamic characteristics of eight sailwing sections.National Aeronautics and Space Administration Conference, Publication 2085.
[45] Strong, C.L. (1974).Hang gliding or sky surfing with a high-performance low-speed wing.Scientific American, 231, pp. 138-143.
[46] Price, C.B. (1975).Hang glider directory.Ground Skimmer Magazine, 35.
[47] Dudley, R. (2000).The Biomechanics of insect flight: form, function, evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[48] van den Berg, C. and Ellington, C.P. (1997).The vortex wake of a “hovering” model hawkmoth.Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B., 352, pp. 317-328.
[49] Ellington, C.P. (1999). The novel aerodynamics of insect flight: applications to micro-air vehicles. The Journal of Engineering Biology, 202, pp. 3439-3448.
[50] Armstrong, W.P. (2004). Large hawkmoth with its proboscis extended. URL: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/manduca2.htm#manduca1.gif, access on 21 Mar 2012.
[51] Weis-Fogh, T. (1973). Quick estimates of flight fitness in hovering animals, including novel mechanisms for lift production. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 59, pp. 169-230.
[52] Weis-Fogh, T. (1975).Unusual mechanisms for the generation of lift in flying animals.Scient. Am., 233, pp. 80-87.
[53] Sane, S.P. (2003).The aerodynamics of insect flight.The Journal of Experimental Biology, 206, pp. 4191-4208.
[54] van Breugel, F., Teoh Z.E. and Lipson H. (2009). A passively stable hovering flapping micro-air vehicle. In: Floreano, D., Zufferey, J.C. and Srinivasan M.V. Flying Insects and Robots. Springer, pp. 171-184.
[55] van Breugel, F., Regan W. and Lipson H. (2008). From insects to machines: A passively stable, untethered flapping-hovering micro-air vehicle. IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, 15(4), pp. 68-74.
[56] De Clercq, K.M.E., de Kat, R., Remes, B., van Oudheusden, B.W. and Bijl, H. (2009). Aerodynamic experiments on DelFly II: unsteady lift enhancement. The International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles, 1(4), pp. 255-262.
[57] Lentink, D., Jongerius, S.R. and Bradshaw, N.L. (2009).The scalable design of flapping micro-air vehicles inspired by insect flight. In: Floreano, D., Zufferey J.C., Srinivasan, M.V. and Ellington, C., eds. Flying Insects and Robots, chapter 4. Springer-Verlag Berlin, pp. 185-205.
[58]Jongerius, S.R. and Lentink, D. (2010).Structural analysis of a dragonfly wing.Experimental Mechanics, 50(9), pp. 1323-1334.
[59] Somps,C. and Luttges,M. (1985). Dragonfly flight: novel uses of unsteady separated flows. Science, 228, pp. 1326-1328.
[60] Azuma, A., Azuma, S., Watanabe, I. and Furuta, T. (1985).Flight mechanics of a dragonfly.Journal of Experimental Biology, 116, pp. 79-107.
[61] Agrawal, U. (2006). Feasibility studies of nonoscillatory lift generation using a tandem flapping wing configuration. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies.
[62] Warkentin, J. and DeLaurier, J. (2007).Experimental aerodynamic study of tandem flapping membrane wings.Journal of Aircraft, 44(5), pp. 1654-1661.
[63] Wood, R.J. (2008).The first takeoff of a biologically inspired at-scale robotic insect.IEEE Trans. Robot, 24(2), pp. 341-347.
[64] Wood, R.J. (2007).Liftoff of a 60mg flapping-wing MAV.IEEERSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 1889-1894.
[65] Finio, B.M., Pe ́rez-Arancibia, N.O. and Wood, R.J. (2011). System identification and linear time-invariant modeling of an insect-sized flapping-wing micro air vehicle. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 25-30 Sep 2011, San Francisco, CA, USA.
[66] Finio, B.M., Shang, J.K. and Wood, R.J. (2009).Body torque modulation for a microrobotic fly.IEEE Proc. ICRA’09 Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 12-17 May 2009, Kobe, Japan, SaA11.4.
[67] Wood, R.J., Finio, B., Karpelson, M., Ma, K. Pe ́rez-Arancibia, N.O., Sreetharan, P.S., Tanaka, H. and Whitney J.P. (2011).Progress on "pico" air vehicles.Int. Symp. on Robotics Research (invited paper), Aug 2011, Flagstaff, Az.
[68] Bomphrey, R.J., Taylor, G.K. and Thomas, A.L.R. (2009). Smoke visualization of free-flying bumblebees indicates independent leading-edge vortices on each wing pair. Experiments in Fluids, 46, pp. 811-821.
[2] Jones, K.D. and Platzer, M.F. (2009). Design and development considerations for biologically inspired flapping-wing micro air vehicles. Experiments in Fluids, 46, pp. 799-810.
[3] http://users.ugent.be/~tpraet/biomimicry.html, access on 2 Nov 2011
[4] Shyy, W., Berg, M. and Ljungqvist, D. (1999).Flapping and flexible wings for biological and micro air vehicles.Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 35(5), pp. 455-505.
[5] Viieru, D., Tang, J., Lian, Y. Liu, H. and Shyy, W. (2006).Flapping and flexible wing aerodynamics of low Reynolds number flight vehicles.44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 9-12 January 2006, Reno, Nevada.
[6] Harmon, R.L. (2008).Aerodynamic modeling of a flapping membrane wing using motion tracking experiments.Thesis, the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park.
[7] Krashanitsa,R.Y., Silin, D. and Shkarayev, S.V. (2009). Flight dynamics of a flapping-wing air vehicle. International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles, 1(1), pp. 35-49.
[8] Wageningen University. (2007). Bird sized airplane will fly and observe like a swift. URL: http://www.wageningenuniversity.nl/UK/newsagenda/archive/news/200/Bird_sized_airplane_will_fly_and_observe_like_a_swift.htm, access on 26 Mar 2012
[9] Schols, R. (2004). URL:http://www.pba se.com/ranschols/image/30226400, access on 26 Mar 2012
[10] Thielicke, W. (2011). Flapping micro air vehicles inspired by swifts. Society for Experimental Biology Annual Conference, 1 July 2011, Glasgow.
[11] Lilley, G.M. (1998).A study of the silent flight of the owl.4th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, AIAA 98-2340.
[12] Klän, S., Bachmann, T., Klaas, M., Wagner, H. and Schröder, W. (2009). Experimental analysis of the flow field over a novel owl based airfoil. Experiments in Fluids, 46, pp. 975-989.
[13] Graham, R.R. (1934).The silent flight of owls.J R Aeronaut Soc, 38, pp. 837–843.
[14] Winter, Y. and Von Helversen, O. (1998). The energy cost of flight: do small bats fly more cheaply than birds?.Journal of Comparative Physiology BBiochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 168(2), pp. 105-111.
[15] Swartz, S.M., Iriarte-Diaz, J. and Riskin, D.K. (2007).Wing structure and the aerodynamic basis of flight in bats.45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 8-11 Jan, Reno, Nevada, AIAA 2007-42, pp. 1-10.
[16] Galvao, R., Israeli, E., Song, A., Tian, X., Bishop, K., Swartz, S. and Breuer, K. (2006). The aerodynamics of compliant membrane wings modeled on mammalian flight mechanics. 36th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, 5-8 Jun 2006, San Francisco, California.AIAA 2006-2866.
[17] Shyy, W., Jenkins, D.A. and Smith, R.W. (1997).Study of adaptive shape airfoils at low Reynolds number in oscillatory flows.AIAA Journal, 35(9), pp. 1545-1548.
[18] Waszak, M.R., Jenkins, L.N. and Ifju, P. (2001). Stability and control properties of an aeroelastic fixed wing micro aerial vehicle. AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, 6-9 Aug, Montreal, Canada, pp. 1-11.
[19] Ifju, P.G., Jenkins, D.A., Ettinger, S., Lian, Y. and Shyy, W. (2002). Flexible-wing-based micro air vehicles.40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Jan, Reno, Nevada, AIAA 2002-0705, pp. 1-13.
[20] Lian, Y., Shyy, W., Viieru, D. and Zhang, B. (2003).Membrane wing aerodynamics for micro air vehicles.Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 39, pp. 425-465.
[21] Lian, Y. and Shyy, W. (2005). Numerical simulations of membrane wing aerodynamics for micro air vehicle applications. Journal of Aircraft, 42(4), pp. 865-873.
[22] Albertani, R., Stanford, B., Hubner, J.P. and Ifju, P.G. (2007). Aerodynamic coefficients and deformation measurements on flexible micro air vehicle wings. Experimental Mechanics, 47(5), pp. 625-635.
[23] Stanford, B., Ifju, P., Albertani, R. and Shyy, W. (2008). Fixed membrane wings for micro air vehicles: Experimental characterization, numerical modeling, and tailoring. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 44, pp. 258-294.
[24] Stanford, B. and Ifju, P. (2009). Membrane micro air vehicles with adaptive aerodynamic twist: numerical modeling. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 22(2), pp.
173-184.
[25] Rojratsirikul, P., Wang, Z. and Gursul, I. (2010).Unsteady fluid-structure interactions of membrane airfoils at low Reynolds numbers. In: Taylor, G.K., Triantafyllou, M.S. and Tropea, C., eds. Animal Locomotion: The Physics of Flying, The Hydrodynamics of Swimming. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 297-310.
[26] Rojratsirikul, P., Wang, Z. and Gursul, I. (2010).Effects of pre-strain and excess length on unsteady fluid-structure interactions of membrane airfoils.Journal of Fluids and Structures, 26(3), pp. 359-376.
[27] Rojratsirikul, P., Genc, M. S., Wang, Z. and Gursul, I. (2011).Flow-induced vibrations of low aspect ratio rectangular membrane wings.Journal of Fluids and Structures, 27, pp. 1296-1309.
[28] Gordnier, R. and Attar, P.J. (2009). Implicit LES simulations of a low Reynolds number flexible membrane wing airfoil. 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 5-8 Jan, Orlando, Florida, AIAA 2009-579, pp. 1-23.
[29] Kinsey, T.B. (2007).Lesser long-nosed bats. URL: http://fireflyforest.net/firefly/2007/02/26/lesser-longnosed-bats/, access on 20 Oct 2010
[30] Lull, R.S. (1906).Volant adaptation in vertebrates.American Naturalist, 40, pp. 537-566.
[31] Hankin, E.H. and Watson, D.M.S. (1914).On the flight of pterodactyls.Aeronautical Journal, 18, pp. 324-335.
[32] Short, G.H. (1914).Wing adjustments of pterosaurs.Aeronautical Journal, 18, pp. 336-342.
[33] Brown, B. (1943).Flying reptiles.Natural History, 52, pp. 104-111.
[34] Bramwell, C.D. (1971).Aerodynamics of Pteranodon.Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal, 3, pp. 313-328.
[35] Heptonstall, W.B. (1971). An analysis of the flight of the Cretaceous pterodactyl: Pteranodoningens. Scottish Journal of Geology, 1, pp. 61-78.
[36] Whitfield, G.R. (1979). Engineering and aerodynamics of a flying dinosaur: Pteranodon. Science and Mechanics, 118, pp. 56-58.
[37] Brower, J.C. (1980). Pterosaurs: how they flew, Episodes, 4, pp. 21-24.
[38] Sneyd, A.D., Bundock, M.S. and Reid, D. (1982).Possible effects of wing flexibility on the aerodynamics of Pteranodon.Am. Nat, 120, pp. 455-477.
[39] Williston, S.W. (1902).On the skeleton of Nyctodactylus with restoration.American Journal of Anatomy, 1, pp. 297-305.
[40] Brower, J.C. (1983).The aerodynamics of Pteranodon and Nyctosaurus, Two large pterosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Kansas.Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 3(2), pp. 84-124.
[41] Brower, J.C. and Veinus, J. (1981).Allometry in pterosaus.University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 105:32.
[42] Fink, M.P. (1967).Full-scale investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of a model employing a sailwing concept. NASA Technical Note D-4062:27.
[43] Fink, M.P. (1969).Full-scale investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of a sailwing of aspect ratio of 5.9. NASA Technical Note D-5047:30.
[44] Maughmer, M.D. (1979).A comparison of the aerodynamic characteristics of eight sailwing sections.National Aeronautics and Space Administration Conference, Publication 2085.
[45] Strong, C.L. (1974).Hang gliding or sky surfing with a high-performance low-speed wing.Scientific American, 231, pp. 138-143.
[46] Price, C.B. (1975).Hang glider directory.Ground Skimmer Magazine, 35.
[47] Dudley, R. (2000).The Biomechanics of insect flight: form, function, evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[48] van den Berg, C. and Ellington, C.P. (1997).The vortex wake of a “hovering” model hawkmoth.Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B., 352, pp. 317-328.
[49] Ellington, C.P. (1999). The novel aerodynamics of insect flight: applications to micro-air vehicles. The Journal of Engineering Biology, 202, pp. 3439-3448.
[50] Armstrong, W.P. (2004). Large hawkmoth with its proboscis extended. URL: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/manduca2.htm#manduca1.gif, access on 21 Mar 2012.
[51] Weis-Fogh, T. (1973). Quick estimates of flight fitness in hovering animals, including novel mechanisms for lift production. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 59, pp. 169-230.
[52] Weis-Fogh, T. (1975).Unusual mechanisms for the generation of lift in flying animals.Scient. Am., 233, pp. 80-87.
[53] Sane, S.P. (2003).The aerodynamics of insect flight.The Journal of Experimental Biology, 206, pp. 4191-4208.
[54] van Breugel, F., Teoh Z.E. and Lipson H. (2009). A passively stable hovering flapping micro-air vehicle. In: Floreano, D., Zufferey, J.C. and Srinivasan M.V. Flying Insects and Robots. Springer, pp. 171-184.
[55] van Breugel, F., Regan W. and Lipson H. (2008). From insects to machines: A passively stable, untethered flapping-hovering micro-air vehicle. IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, 15(4), pp. 68-74.
[56] De Clercq, K.M.E., de Kat, R., Remes, B., van Oudheusden, B.W. and Bijl, H. (2009). Aerodynamic experiments on DelFly II: unsteady lift enhancement. The International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles, 1(4), pp. 255-262.
[57] Lentink, D., Jongerius, S.R. and Bradshaw, N.L. (2009).The scalable design of flapping micro-air vehicles inspired by insect flight. In: Floreano, D., Zufferey J.C., Srinivasan, M.V. and Ellington, C., eds. Flying Insects and Robots, chapter 4. Springer-Verlag Berlin, pp. 185-205.
[58]Jongerius, S.R. and Lentink, D. (2010).Structural analysis of a dragonfly wing.Experimental Mechanics, 50(9), pp. 1323-1334.
[59] Somps,C. and Luttges,M. (1985). Dragonfly flight: novel uses of unsteady separated flows. Science, 228, pp. 1326-1328.
[60] Azuma, A., Azuma, S., Watanabe, I. and Furuta, T. (1985).Flight mechanics of a dragonfly.Journal of Experimental Biology, 116, pp. 79-107.
[61] Agrawal, U. (2006). Feasibility studies of nonoscillatory lift generation using a tandem flapping wing configuration. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies.
[62] Warkentin, J. and DeLaurier, J. (2007).Experimental aerodynamic study of tandem flapping membrane wings.Journal of Aircraft, 44(5), pp. 1654-1661.
[63] Wood, R.J. (2008).The first takeoff of a biologically inspired at-scale robotic insect.IEEE Trans. Robot, 24(2), pp. 341-347.
[64] Wood, R.J. (2007).Liftoff of a 60mg flapping-wing MAV.IEEERSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 1889-1894.
[65] Finio, B.M., Pe ́rez-Arancibia, N.O. and Wood, R.J. (2011). System identification and linear time-invariant modeling of an insect-sized flapping-wing micro air vehicle. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 25-30 Sep 2011, San Francisco, CA, USA.
[66] Finio, B.M., Shang, J.K. and Wood, R.J. (2009).Body torque modulation for a microrobotic fly.IEEE Proc. ICRA’09 Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, 12-17 May 2009, Kobe, Japan, SaA11.4.
[67] Wood, R.J., Finio, B., Karpelson, M., Ma, K. Pe ́rez-Arancibia, N.O., Sreetharan, P.S., Tanaka, H. and Whitney J.P. (2011).Progress on "pico" air vehicles.Int. Symp. on Robotics Research (invited paper), Aug 2011, Flagstaff, Az.
[68] Bomphrey, R.J., Taylor, G.K. and Thomas, A.L.R. (2009). Smoke visualization of free-flying bumblebees indicates independent leading-edge vortices on each wing pair. Experiments in Fluids, 46, pp. 811-821.