THE EFFECT OF SILICON APPLICATION ON CONTROLLING COWPEA APHID, APHIS CRACCIVORA KOCH

Main Article Content

ณฐพงศ์ เมธินธรังสรรค์
Duangduan Wattanuruk

Abstract

The problem of yardlong bean cultivation is infestation and destruction by yardlong bean insect pests. In particular, the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, is one of the major pests of yardlong bean production in Thailand. The objective of this study was to test the effects of silicon solution on the anti-feedant activity, residual toxicity and progeny deterrent activity from silicon solution to be tested on cowpea aphid at the concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8% (w/v). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 replications: each anti-feedant was replicated on 1 adult, each residual toxicity was replicated on 10 adults, and each progeny deterrent was replicated on 1 adult. The experiments were conducted at a biology laboratory. The results indicated that the effects of silicon solutions on anti-feedant, residual toxicity and progeny deterrent on cowpea aphid were significantly different when compared with the control sets (p<0.05). On the anti-feedant, it was found that the number of probing was higher when the concentration was higher. At 8% of the silicon solution, the number of probing was the highest at 11.60 + 0.74 when compared with the control set which was 0.80 + 0.48. The time of penetration was lower when the concentration was higher: at the concentration of 8%, the time of penetration was the lowest at 0.26 + 0.26 min when compared with the control set which was 8.48 + 1.08 min. On the residual toxicity, at the concentration of 8%, the percent of mortality was the highest at 100%. The LC50 values were at 2.0% and 1.5% at hour 24 and hour 48 respectively. In addition, the silicon solution concentration of 0.5% had effects on progeny deterrent on cowpea aphid. The number of progeny was 0.40 + 0.48 adults or 7.69% whereas on the control set, the number of progeny was 5.20 + 1.32 adults or 100%. Therefore, the use of silicon solution can control the cowpea aphid and is human, animal and environment friendly. 

Article Details

Section
Research Article

References

สรพงค์ เบญจศรี และ จรัสศรี นวลศรี. (2554). การเข้าทำลายของเพลี้ยอ่อนถั่วในถั่วพุ่ม (Vigna sinensis) ถั่วฝักยาว (Vigna sesquipedalis) และถั่วลูกผสม. วารสารมหาวิทยาลัยทักษิณ, 13, 194-200.

Alhousari, F., & Greger, M. (2018). Silicon and mechanisms of plant resistance to insect pests. Plants, 7(33), 1-12.

Basagli, M. A. B., Moraes, J. C., Carvalho, J. A., Ecole, C. C., & Gongalves-Gervasio, R. C. R. (2003). Effect of sodium silicate application on the resistance of wheat plants to the green-aphids, Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Neotropical Entomology, 32(4), 659-663.

Blackman, R. L., & Eastop, V. F. (2000). Aphids on the world’s crops: an identification and information guide. 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

Chen, M. S. (2008). Inducible direct plant defense against insect herbivores: A review. Insect Science, 15, 101-114.

Costa, R. R., Moraes, J. C., & DaCosta, R. R. (2011). Feeding behavior of the greenbug Schizaphis graminum on wheat plants treated with imidacloprid and/or silicon. Journal of Applied Entomology, 135, 115–120.

Curriev, H. A., & Perry, C. C. (2007). Silica in plants: biological, biochemical and chemical studies. Annals of Botany, 100, 1383–1389.

Ehlers, J. D., & Hall, A. E. (1997). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Field Crops Research, 53, 187-204.

Emden H. F. V., & Harrington, R. (2007). Aphids as Crop Pests. United Kingdom: Wallingford Oxfordshire Press.

Finney, D. J. (1971). Probit Analysis. 3rd ed. London: Cambridge University Press.

Gomes, F. B., de Moraes, J. C., dos Santos, C. D., & Goussain, M. M. (2005). Resistance induction in wheat plants by silicon and aphids. Scientia Agricola is a journal of the University of São Paulo, 62(6), 547-551.

Goussain, M. M., Prado, E., & Moraes, J. C. (2005). Effect of silicon applied to wheat plants on the biology and probing behaviour of the greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Neotropical Entomology, 34(5), 807-813.

Heine, G., Tikum, G., & Hors, W. J. (2007). The effect of silicon on the infection by and spread of Pythium aphanidermatum in single roots of tomato and bitter gourd. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(3), 569–577.

Korndörfer, A. P., Grisoto, E., & Vendramim, J. D. (2011). Induction of insect plant resistance to the spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata Stål (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in sugarcane by silicon application. Neotropical Entomology, 40(3), 387-392.

Nikpay, A. (2016). Improving biological control of stalk borers in sugarcane by applying silicon as a soil amendment. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 56(4), 394-401.

Obopile, M. (2006). Economic threshold and injury levels for control of cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Linnaeus (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cowpea. African Plant, 12, 111–115.

Phillips, R. D., McWatters, K. H., Chinnan, M. S. Hung, Y. C., Beuchat, L. R., Sefa-Dedeh, S., Sakyi-Dawson, E., Ngoddy, P., Nnanyelugo, D., Enwere, J., Komey, N. S., Liu, K., Mensa-Wilmot, Y., Nnanna, I.A., Okeke, C., Prinyawiwatkul, W., & Saalia, F. K. (2003). Utilization of cowpeas for human food. Field Crops Research, 82, 193–213.

Poole, R. W., & Gentili, P. (1996). Cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch 1854. Retrieved January 15, 2017, from https://www.insectimages.org/browse/ subthumb.cfm?sub=8116.

Ranger, C. M., Singh, A. P., Frantz, J. M., Canas, L., Locke, J. C., Reding, M. E., & Vorsa, N. (2009). Influence of silicon on resistance of Zinnia elegans to Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology, 38(1), 129-136.

Reynolds, O. L., Padula, M. P., Zeng, R., & Gurr, G. M. (2016). Silicon: Potential to promote direct and indirect effects on plant defense against arthropod pests in agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 1-13.

Silva, V. F., Moraes, J. C., & Melo, B. A. (2010). Influence of silicon on the development, productivity and infestation by insect pests in potato crops. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 34(6), 1465-1469.

Uddin, M. S., Rahman, M. M, Alam, M. Z. Awal, A., & Mazed, M. A. (2013). Insect pests of yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L.) in major growing areas of Bangladesh. The Agriculturists, 11(2), 66-73.

Vasanthi, N., Saleena, L. M., & Raj, S. A. (2014). Silicon in crop production and crop protection – a review. Agricultural Reviews, 35(1), 14-23