การตรวจจับพฤติกรรมต้องสงสัยระหว่างสอบออนไลน์ด้วยตัวกรองอนุภาคแบบราวแบล็คเวลไลซ์

Authors

  • นัศพ์ชาณัณ ชินปัญช์ธนะ อาจารย์, วิทยาลัยนวัตกรรมด้านเทคโนโลยีและวิศวกรรมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยธุรกิจบัณฑิตย์ 110/1-4 ถ.ประชาชื่น เขตหลักสี่ กรุงเทพฯ 10210
  • เตชค์ฐสิณป์ เพียซ้าย อาจารย์, สาขาวิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี มหาวิทยาลัยสุโขทัยธรรมาธิราช ถ.แจ้งวัฒนะ เขตปากเกร็ด นนทบุรี 11120

Keywords:

image processing, human behaviour, human action, rao-blackwellized particle filter

Abstract

Online exams have become widely used to evaluate students’ performance in recent years. The ability to efficiently proctor is an important limiting for online exams due to the lack of face to face interaction. Prior research in computer vision has shown that online exams are more vulnerable to various cheating behaviors. The problem is challenging due to its various behavior activities in examination or by monitoring them. There are many algorithms attempt to analyze and detect in human behavior activities. But techniques are the limits in various conditions. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a detection of suspicious human behavior with Rao-blackwellized particle filter. The proposed model extracts the keypoint features in an automated way with OpenPose. This paper presents main three steps including (1) data preprocessing, (2) detect behavior with Roa-blackwellized particle filter, and (3) efficiency measurement and evaluation of experimental results. The experimental results indicate that our framework offers performance improvements. The proposed model can achieve significant improvements for behaviour detection with maximum success rate of 79.63% with data set 2. The experimental results indicate that our proposed approach offers significant performance improvements in the detection of suspicious human behaviour.

References

Prince DJ, Fulton RA, Garsombke TW. Comparisons of proctored versus non-proctored testing strategies in graduate distance education curriculum. Journal of College Teaching & Learning 2009;6(7):51-62.

King DL, Case CJ. E-cheating: Incidence and trends among college students. Issues in Information Systems 2014;15(1):20-7.

Ullah A, Xiao H, Barker T. A classification of threats to remote online examinations. In: 2016 IEEE 7th Annual Information Technology. Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON); 2016. p.1-7.

Wei H, Li H, Xia M, Wang Y, Qu H. Predicting student performance in interactive online question pools using mouse interaction features. In: the 10th International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge; 2020. p.645-54.

Rogers CF. Faculty perceptions about e-cheating during online testing. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges 2006;22(2):206-12.

Cluskey GR, Ehlen CR, Raiborn MH. Thwarting online exam cheating without proctor supervision. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics 2011;4(1):1-7.

Bella G, Giustolisi R, Lenzini G, Ryan PYA. A secure exam protocol without trusted parties. In: Proceedings International Conference on ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection; 2015. p.495-509.

Mariani L, Micucci D. Audentes: Automatic detection of teNtative plagiarism according to a reference solution. ACM Transactions on Computing Education; 2012. p.1-26.

Chen K, Liu P, Zhang Y. Achieving accuracy and scalability simultaneously in detecting application clones on android markets. In: Proceedings 36th International Conference on Software Engineering; 2014. p.175-86.

Ullah A, Xiao H, Barker T. A dynamic profile questions approach to mitigate impersonation in online examinations. Journal of Grid Computing 2018;17:209-23.

Ullah A, Xiao H, Barker T. A classification of threats to remote online examinations. In: Proceedings IEEE 7th Annual Information Technology. Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON); 2016. p.1-7.

Kuhnke F, Ostermann J. Deep head pose estimation using synthetic images and partial adversarial domain adaption for continuous label spaces. In: 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision; 2019. p.10163-72.

Ruiz N, Chong E, Rehg JM. Fine-grained head pose estimation without keypoints. In: 2018 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops; 2018. p.2074-83.

Prathish S, Narayanan SA, Bijlani K. An intelligent system for online exam monitoring. In: Proceedings International Conference on Information Science (ICIS); 2016. p.138-43.

Narayanan A, Kaimal RM, Bijlani K. Yaw estimation using cylindrical and ellipsoidal face models. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2014;15(5):2308-20.

Wlodarczyk M, Kacperski D, Krotewicz P, Grabowski K. Evaluation of head pose estimation methods for a noncooperative biometric system. In: Proceedings 23rd International Conference Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems (MIXDES); 2016. p.394-8.

Hu S, Jia X, Fu Y. Research on abnormal behavior detection of online examination based on image information. In: Proceedings 10th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC); 2018. p.88-91.

Ghizlane M, Reda FH, Hicham B. A smart card digital identity check model for university services access. In: Proceedings The 2nd International Conference on Networking, Information Systems and Security; 2019. p.1-4.

Ghizlane M, Hicham B, Reda FH. A new model of automatic and continuous online exam monitoring. In: Proceedings 2019 International Conference on Systems of Collaboration Big Data, Internet of Things Security (SysCoBIoTS); 2019. p.1-5.

Garg K, Verma K, Patidar K, Tejra N, K. Patidar. Convolutional neural network based virtual exam controller. In: Proceedings 4th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS); 2020. p.895-9.

Xia M, Wei H, Xu M, L YL, Wang Y, Zhang R, et al. Visual analytics of student learning behaviors on K-12 mathematics E-learning platforms. Computer Science, Education; 2019. p.1-2.

Yang T, Chen Y C, Lin YY, Chuang YY. FSA-Net: Learning fine-grained structure aggregation for head pose estimation from a single image. In: 2019 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR); 2019. p.1087-96.

Wan J, Zhao Y, Zhou S, Guyon I, Escalera S, Li SZ. Chalearn looking at people RGB-D isolated and continuous datasets for gesture recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops; 2016. p.56-64.

Negin F, Rodriguez P, Koperski M, Kerboua A, Gonzàlez J, Bourgeois J, et al. PRAXIS: Towards automatic cognitive assessment using gesture recognition. Expert Systems with Applications 2018;106:21-35.

Doucet A, Freitas N, Murphy K, Russell S. Rao–Blackwellised particle filtering for dynamic Bayesian networks. In: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence; 2000. p.176-83.

Atoum Y, Chen L, Liu AX, Hsu SDH, Liu X. Automated online exam proctoring. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 2017;19(7):1609-24.

Cao Z, Hidalgo G, Simon T, Wei SE, Sheik Y. OpenPose: realtime multi-person 2D pose estimation using Part Affinity Fields. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 2018;43(1):172-186.

Murphy KP. Dynamic Bayesian networks: representation, inferenceand learning [Ph.D. thesis in Computer Science]. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California, Berkeley; 2002.

Bishop CM. Pattern recognition and machine learning. New York, USA: Springer; 2006.

Simonyan K., Zisserman A. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. In: International Conference on Learning Representations;2015.

Donahue J, Hendricks LA, Sergio G, Marcus R, Subhashini V, Kate S, et al. Long-term recurrent convolutional networks for visual recognition and description. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2014;39(4):677-91.

Yun S, Oh SJ, Heo B, Han D, Kim J. VideoMix: Rethinking data augmentation for video classification. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2020. arXiv:2012.03457.

Downloads

Published

2022-08-31

Issue

Section

บทความวิจัย (Research Article)