ANEMIA IN DOGS: DISEASE CLASSIFICATIONS, SEVERITY, AND CONCURRENT DISEASES IN NORTHEAST THAILAND
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Anemia is a common hematologic abnormality in dogs and may occur in association with various diseases. However, previous studies have described causes of anemia or focused on specific diseases, while information on diseases associated with anemia in dogs remains limited. This retrospective study investigated disease classifications, anemia severity, primary diagnoses, and concurrent diseases in anemic dogs presented to a veterinary teaching hospital in Northeast Thailand. Medical records and hematologic results from January to December 2024 were retrospectively reviewed. Dogs with a PCV <37% were considered anemic, and dogs younger than six months or with acute blood loss were excluded. Of 4,682 dogs identified, 1,013 (21.6%) were included in the study. Neoplasia was the most common disease classification (24.9%), with mild anemia predominating, followed by vector-borne infectious diseases (20.2%) and CKD (16.6%), with mild anemia also predominating. Moderate anemia predominated in vector-borne infectious, systemic bacterial infectious, and immune-mediated diseases. Bone marrow disorders had the highest proportions of severe and very severe anemia, and anemia severity differed significantly among disease classifications (p<0.0001). CKD was the most common primary diagnosis (15.8%), followed by ehrlichiosis (9.3%), and concurrent diseases were frequently identified. Overall, the findings demonstrate that anemia severity varies among disease classifications and that concurrent diseases are common in anemic dogs.
Article Details
References
Borin-Crivellenti, S., Crivellenti, L. Z., Gilor, C., Gilor, S., Silva, D. G., Maia, S. R., Costa, P. B., Alvarenga, A. W. O., Fernandes, A. L. S., & Santana, A. E. (2023). Anemia in canine chronic kidney disease is multifactorial and associated with decreased erythroid precursor cells, gastrointestinal bleeding, and systemic inflammation. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 84(10). https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.23.05.0097
Bouzouraa, T., Cadore, J. L., Chene, J., Goy-Thollot, I., Ponce, F., Chalvet-Monfray, K., Rannou, B., & Chabanne, L. (2017). Implication, clinical and biological impact of vector-borne haemopathogens in anaemic dogs in France: a prospective study. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 58(9), 510–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12690
Burton, W., Drake, C., Ogeer, J., Buch, J., Mack, R., McCrann, D., & Coyne, M. J. (2020). Association Between Exposure to Ehrlichia spp. and Risk of Developing Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 56(3), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7012
Carioto, L. M., & Gara-Boivin, C. (2019). Retrospective evaluation of anemia and erythrocyte morphological anomalies in dogs with lymphoma or inflammatory bowel disease Cyril Parachini-Winter dvm. In Small Animals JAVMA | FEB (Vol. 15, Number 4).
Chervier, C., Cadoré, J. L., Rodriguez-Piñeiro, M. I., Deputte, B. L., & Chabanne, L. (2012). Causes of anaemia other than acute blood loss and their clinical significance in dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice •, 53, 223–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01191.x
Chikazawa, S., & Dunning, M. D. (2016). A review of anaemia of inflammatory disease in dogs and cats. In The Journal of small animal practice (Vol. 57, Number 7, pp. 348–353). https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12498
Crivellenti, L. Z., Cintra, C. A., Maia, S. R., Silva, G. E. B., Borin-Crivellenti, S., Cianciolo, R., Adin, C. A., Tinucci-Costa, M., Pennacchi, C. S., & Santana, A. E. (2021). Glomerulotubular pathology in dogs with subclinical ehrlichiosis. PLoS ONE, 16(12 December). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260702
Garden, O. A., Kidd, L., Mexas, A. M., Chang, Y. M., Jeffery, U., Blois, S. L., Fogle, J. E., MacNeill, A. L., Lubas, G., Birkenheuer, A., Buoncompagni, S., Dandrieux, J. R. S., Di Loria, A., Fellman, C. L., Glanemann, B., Goggs, R., Granick, J. L., LeVine, D. N., Sharp, C. R., … Szladovits, B. (2019). ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis of immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 33(2), 313. https://doi.org/10.1111/JVIM.15441
Gaunt, S. D., Beall, M. J., Stillman, B. A., Lorentzen, L., Diniz, P. P. V. P., Chandrashekar, R., & Breitschwerdt, E. B. (2010). Experimental infection and co-infection of dogs with Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis: Hematologic, serologic and molecular findings. Parasites and Vectors, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-3-33
Grimes, C. N., & Fry, M. M. (2015a). Nonregenerative Anemia: Mechanisms of Decreased or Ineffective Erythropoiesis. Veterinary Pathology, 52(2), 298–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985814529315
Grimes, C. N., & Fry, M. M. (2015b). Nonregenerative Anemia: Mechanisms of Decreased or Ineffective Erythropoiesis. Veterinary Pathology, 52(2), 298–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985814529315
Lippi, I., Perondi, F., Lubas, G., Gori, E., Pierini, A., D’addetta, A., & Marchetti, V. (2021). Erythrogram patterns in dogs with chronic kidney disease. Veterinary Sciences, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8070123
Little, S. E. (2010). Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis in Dogs and Cats. In Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice (Vol. 40, Number 6, pp. 1121–1140). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.07.004
Liu, P.-C., & Su, B.-L. (2015). CAUSES OF CANINE ANEMIA IN TAIWAN: A FIVE-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE SURVEY. Taiwan Veterinary Journal, 41(01), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1682648515500031
Mylonakis, M. E., Harrus, S., & Breitschwerdt, E. B. (2019). An update on the treatment of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis). In Veterinary Journal (Vol. 246, pp. 45–53). Bailliere Tindall Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.015
Stokol, T. (2024). Ettinger’s textbook of veterinary internal medicine. In Stephen J. Ettinger; Edward C. Feldman; Etienne Côté (Ed.), Ettinger’s Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (9th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 1174–1177). Elsevier.
Thongsahuan, S., Chethanond, U., Wasiksiri, S., Saechan, V., Thongtako, W., & Musikacharoen, T. (2020). Hematological profile of blood parasitic infected dogs in Southern Thailand. Veterinary World, 13(11), 2388–2394. https://doi.org/10.14202/VETWORLD.2020.2388-2394
Tvedten, H. (2022). Classification and Laboratory Evaluation of Anemia. In J. G. Z. and N. C. J. B. F. Feldman (Ed.), Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology (5th edition, pp. 198–208). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119500537.ch25
Weiss, D. J. (2006). A Retrospective Study of the Incidence and the Classification of Bone Marrow Disorders in the Dog at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital (1996–2004). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 20(4), 955–961. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01811.x
Weiss, G., Ganz, T., & Goodnough, L. T. (2019). Anemia of inflammation. In Blood (Vol. 133, Number 1, pp. 40–50). American Society of Hematology. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-06-856500
