Niosome gels encapsulate green mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an anti-acne-inducing bacterial and anti-inflammatory activity

Abstract

This research aims to develop a niosome gel from green mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) by maceration with an ethanol solvent. The result of the yield percentage was 14.35 ± 0.90. The result of analyzing the phytochemicals by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was that tannin and xanthone were equal to 0.7483 ± 0.0825 mg per 100 mg of extract and 0.02964 ± 0.0088 mg per 100 mg of extract, respectively. The results of the determination of the effect include anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial (Cutibacterium acnes) as anti-inflammatory with nitric oxide from LPS-induced macrophage cells up to a maximum equal to 29.10 ± 4.78% as a concentration at 1 mg mL^–1 as acetonide can inhibit nitric oxide equal to 33.12 ± 3.62% as a concentration at 1 mg mL^–1. and anti-bacterial (Cutibacterium acnes) by broth microdilution and drop plate methods, it was found that clindamycin has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.08 μg mL^–1 and 0.31 μg mL^–1, respectively. The development of niosomes consisting of cholesterol, tween 60, and mangosteen peel extract at 1% w w^–1 and 2% w w^–1 in every formula showed good stability. The reduction of particle size in the formula by an ultrasonic bath at 30 minutes and measurement of particle size with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) were found to be equal to 1,265 and 123 – 219 nm, respectively. The polydispersity index (PDI) was in the range of 0.1 – 0.2, and the zeta potential value was in the range of –26.15 to –28.61 mV. The result of hydration and trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) was found to be that after 4 weeks of use, the formula containing the niosomes of mangosteen peel extract concentrated at 2% w w^–1 maximizes skin moisture. It has a value of 346 ± 39.27 and has the least surface water loss.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

HIGHLIGHTS

• The green mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) can inhibiting nitric oxide production from LPS-induced macrophage cells up to 29.10  ± 4.78% at a concentration of 1 mg ml^-1, the lowest inhibitory (MIC)  and kill (MBC) concentration of C. acnes bacteria less than 0.24 mg ml^-1. The particle size of niosomes encapsulate extracts before reducing particle size equal to 1,265 nm. and after reducing particle size in the range of 123 - 219 nm. The skin hydration value after using product for 4 weeks as niosome gel encapsulate extract 2%w w^-1 of extract was maximum moisture and minimal water loss.