Effects of Exposure to the Herbicides, Glyphosate and Paraquat, on the Growth Inhibition and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Burkholderia pseudomallei
Keywords:
herbicides, antibiotic susceptibility, Burkholderia pseudomalleiAbstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has increased due to selective pressure not just from antibiotics but also heavy metals, xenobiotic compounds and agrochemicals. Exposure to such compounds can induce genetic changes in bacteria which affect antibiotic susceptibility. In this study, we examined the effect of exposure to two herbicides, glyphosate and paraquat, on growth inhibition and antibiotic susceptibility of the soil bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei.
B. pseudomallei is the cause of a frequently fatal infectious disease, melioidosis, and antibiotic resistant strains of this species can cause severe clinical and public health problems. Our results show that glyphosate and paraquat inhibit B. pseudomallei growth, with median minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 3.00 ± 0.00% (w v–1) for glyphosate and median MICs of 0.01 ± 0.00% (w v–1) to 0.04 ± 0.00% (w v–1) for paraquat. The MICs of ceftazidime (CAZ), doxycycline (DOX), trimethoprim (TMP), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) against herbicide-treated and untreated B. pseudomallei were also determined. Glyphosate-treated and paraquat-treated B. pseudomallei were found to have decreased susceptibility to DOX and CAZ. Conversely, paraquat-treated B. pseudomallei became more susceptible to TMP. Taken together, these results show that exposure to glyphosate and paraquat inhibits B. pseudomallei growth and alters the bacterium’s antibiotic response. These observations demonstrate the impact of herbicides on an environmental microorganism of medical importance.
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