Measurement of Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration in Traffic Areas of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province and Health Risk Assessment
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Published:
Jul 8, 2020
Keywords:
Nitrogen Dioxide Passive Sampling Air Pollution Risk Assessment
Main Article Content
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide is one of the important air pollutants emitted from the internal combustion of a vehicle. This gas is a direct cause of inflammation in the respiratory tract, and it is a precursor of groundlevel ozone and particulate matter, which are indirectly associated with adverse health effects. Nitrogen dioxide is also a source of acid rain which damages the ecological system. Nakhon Si Thammarat province is the rapid growth of the economy because of tourism promotion. Traffic density in Nakhon Si Thammarat has increased, then traffic air pollutants also become greater in this province. This study aims to measure the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in traffic areas of Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat District in summer and rainy season by using a passive sampler. The concentration is then applied to assess risk of nitrogen dioxide exposure for residents living near road. The result shows that concentrations of the gas in urban areas were in the range 27.4–63.3 μg/m3. They were greater than that at the sub-urban area (13.6–17.5 μg/m3) for 4 and 2 times in summer and rainy season, respectively. The high relative humidity and rainfall were removed air pollutants in the rainy season. However, the toxicological risk quotients distinguished urban residents exposed to nitrogen dioxide over the recommended limits to human health.
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Applied Science Research Articles
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References
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[4] M. Stranger, A. Krata, K.V. Deutsch, L. Bencs, F. Deutsch, A. Worobiec, I. Naveau, E. Roekens, and V. R. Grieken, “Monitoring of NO2 in the ambient air with passive samplers before and after a road reconstruction event,” Microchemical Journal, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 93–98, 2008.
[5] Ph. Collart, D. Dubourg, D. A. Levêque, N. B. Sierra, and Y. Coppieters, “Data on short-term effect of nitrogen dioxide on cardiovascular health in Wallonia, Belgium,” Data in Brief, vol. 17, pp. 172–179, 2018.
[6] S. Buteau, M. Hatzopoulou, L. D. Crouse, A. Smargiassi, R. T. Burnett, T. Logan, L. D. Cavellin, and M.S. Goldberg, “Comparison of spatiotemporal prediction models of daily exposure of individuals to ambient nitrogen dioxide and ozone in Montreal, Canada,” Environmental Research, vol. 156, pp. 201–230, 2017.
[7] E. Du, D. Dong, X. Zeng, Z. Sun, X. Jiang, and W. Vries, “Direct effect of acid rain on leaf chlorophyll content of terrestrial plants in China,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 605–606, pp. 764–769, 2017.
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[9] WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, World Health Organization (WHO) Denmark, 2005, pp. 16–17.
[10] United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). (2019, Nov 5). National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Table, US-EPA, United State. [Online]. Available: http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/reg_std_airsnd01.html
[11] P. D. Hien, M. Hangartner, P. M. Tan, and S. Fabian, “Concentrations of NO2, SO2, and benzene across Hanoi measured by passive diffusion samplers,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 88, pp. 66–73, 2014.
[12] S. Sillapapiromsuk and R. Janta, “Monitoring of ambient nitrogen dioxide concentrations in Lampang city by passive sampling,” Khon Kaen University Science Journal, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 560–571, 2018 (in Thai).
[13] S. Bootdee, S. Wongtim, N. Kerdtawee, S. Phantu, and N. Chuathong, “Spatial and temporal variation of ambient nitrogen dioxide concentrations in Pattaya city, Chon Buri Province,” The Journal of KMUTNB, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 481–494, 2019 (in Thai).
[14] H. Bae, W. Yang, and M. Chung, “Indoor and outdoor concentrations of RSP, NO2 and selected volatile organic compounds at 32 shoe stalls located near busy roadways in Seoul, Korea,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 323, no. 1–3, pp. 99–105, 2004.
[15] X. Han and L. P. Naeher, “A review of trafficrelated air pollution exposure assessment studies in the developing world,” Environment International, vol. 32, no. 1, pp 106–120, 2006.
[16] J. A. Kami ska, “A random forest partition model for predicting NO2 concentrations from traffic flow and meteorological conditions,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 651(Pt 1), pp. 475–483, 2019.
[17] Y. Zhang, “Dynamic effect analysis of meteorological conditions on air pollution: A case study from Beijing,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 684, pp. 178–185, 2019.
[18] Meteorological Department of Thailand. (2019, Jan.). The Climate of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. Available: http://www.marine.tmd.go.th/thai/tus_type/
[19] N. L. Gilbert, S. Woodhouse, D. M. Stieb, and J. R. Brook, “Ambient nitrogen dioxide and distance from a major highway,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 312, no. 1–3, pp 43–46, 2003.
[20] P. Chalermrom, “Development of test kit for determination of nitrogen dioxide in ambient air using passive sampling technique,” M.S. thesis, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 2008 (in Thai).
[21] S. Bootdee, “Application of air passive sampler test kit for monitoring of nitrogen dioxide levels in Chiang Mai Province,” M.S. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 2009 (in Thai).
[22] C. Khamkaew, “Seasonal variation of nitrogen dioxide, PM10 and its major ion composition in Chiang Mai Province,” M.S. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 2010 (in Thai).
[23] S. Bootdee, P. Chalemrom, and S. Chantara, “Validation and field application of tailor-made nitrogen dioxide passive samplers,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 515–526, 2012.
[24] E. D. Palms, R. M. Burton, K. Ravishankar, and J. J. Solomon, “A simple mathematical model for diffusional sampler operation,” American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 418–420, 1986.
[25] V. Garbero, A. Montaldo, N. Lazovic, P. Salizzoni, S. Berrone, and L. Soulhac, “The impact of the urban air pollution on the human health: A case-study in Turin,” Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, vol. 11, pp. 729–732, 2011.
[26] R. Onchang, and P. Hemwat, “Students’ perception of industrial environmental stimuli: Focus on particulate matter,” Science and Technology Silpakorn University, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 349–362, 2016 (in Thai).
[27] B. F. A. De Oliveira, E. Igotti, P. Artzxo, P. H. N. Saldiva, W. L. Juger, and S. Hacon, “Risk assessment of PM 2.5 to child residents in Brazilian Amazon region with biofuel production,” Environmental Health, vol. 11 no. 64, 2012.
[28] R.V. Dı´az and E. R. Dominguez, “Health risk by inhalation of PM 2.5 in the metropolitan zone of the City of Mexico,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 866–871, 2009.
[29] Y.Q. Wang, X.Y. Zhang, and R. R. Draxler, “TrajStat: GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data,” Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 938–939, 2009.
[30] C. Yuan, E. Ng, and L. K. Norford, “Improving air quality in high-density cities by understanding the relationship between air pollutant dispersion and urban morphologies,” Building and Environment, vol. 71, pp. 245–258, 2014.
[31] L. Jin, J. D. Berman, J. L. Warren, J. I. Levy, G. Thurston, Y. Zhang, X. Xu, S. Wang, Y. Zhang, and M. L. Bell, “A land use regression model of nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter in a complex urban core in Lanzhou, China,” Environmental Research, vol. 177, pp. 108597, 2019.
[32] C. J. Cros, A. L. Terpeluk, N. E. Crain, M. C. Juenger, and R. L. Corsi, “Influence of environmental factors on removal of oxides of nitrogen by a photocatalytic coating,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol. 65, no. 8, pp. 937–947, 2015.
[33] O. M. Morakinyo, A. S. Adebowale, M. I. Mokgobu, and M. S. Mukhola, “Health risk of inhalation exposure to sub-10 μm particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in an urban-industrial area in South Africa: An ecological study,” BMJ Open, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1–9, 2017.
[34] A. G.-Kosowska, “Assessment of the Krako´w inhabitants’ health risk caused by the exposure to inhalation of outdoor air contaminants,” Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 485–499, 2018.
