การตรวจวัดความเข้มข้นไนโตรเจนไดออกไซด์ในพื้นที่การจราจรของจังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราชและการประเมินความเสี่ยงต่อสุขภาพ
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ก.ค. 8, 2020
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ไนโตรเจนไดออกไซด์ การเก็บตัวอย่างแบบแพสซีฟ มลพิษทางอากาศ การประเมินความเสี่ยง
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บทคัดย่อ
ไนโตรเจนไดออกไซด์เป็นหนึ่งในมลพิษทางอากาศที่สำคัญที่ปล่อยออกมาจากการเผาไหม้ภายในเครื่องยนต์แก๊สชนิดนี้นอกจากจะทำให้เกิดการอักเสบของทางเดินหายใจโดยตรง ยังเป็นสารตั้งต้นของโอโซนระดับผิวพื้นและฝุ่นละอองขนาดเล็กซึ่งส่งผลกระทบต่อสุขภาพประชาชนทางอ้อม นอกจากนี้ไนโตรเจนไดออกไซด์ยังเป็นสาเหตุของฝนกรดที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อระบบนิเวศอีกด้วย จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราชเป็นจังหวัดที่มีการเติบโตทางเศรษฐกิจอย่างรวดเร็วจากการส่งเสริมการท่องเที่ยวทำให้ความหนาแน่นของการจราจรเพิ่มขึ้นอย่างต่อเนื่อง ส่งผลให้มลพิษทางอากาศจากการจราจรเพิ่มสูงขึ้นตามไปด้วย ดังนั้นงานวิจัยนี้จึงมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อตรวจวัดความเข้มข้นของไนโตรเจนไดออกไซด์ในพื้นที่การจราจรในอำเภอเมืองนครศรีธรรมราชในช่วงฤดูร้อนและฤดูฝน โดยใช้อุปกรณ์เก็บตัวอย่างแบบแพสซีฟ จากนั้นความเข้มข้นสารมลพิษมาประยุกต์ใช้ในการประเมินความเสี่ยงต่อการสัมผัสไนโตรเจนไดออกไซด์สำหรับประชาชนที่อาศัยอยู่ใกล้พื้นที่การจราจร ผลการศึกษาพบว่า ความเข้มข้นของไนโตรเจนไดออกไซด์ในพื้นที่ชุมชนเมืองมีค่าอยู่ในช่วง 27.4–63.3 ไมโครกรัม/ลูกบาศก์เมตร ซึ่งมีค่าสูงกว่าความเข้มข้นในพื้นที่ชานเมือง (13.6–17.5 ไมโครกรัม/ลูกบาศก์เมตร) ประมาณ 4 และ 2 เท่า ในฤดูร้อนและฤดูฝนตามลำดับ และพบว่าปัจจัยของความชื้นในอากาศ และปริมาณน้ำฝนที่สูงในฤดูฝนส่งผลทำให้ความเข้มข้นของไนโตรเจนไดออกไซด์ในอากาศมีค่าลดลง อย่างไรก็ตาม ผลการประเมินความเสี่ยงด้านพิษวิทยาชี้ให้เห็นว่าผู้ที่อาศัยอยู่ในชุมชนเมืองสัมผัสไนโตรเจนไดออกไซด์ในระดับที่ก่อให้เกิดผลกระทบต่อสุขภาพ
Article Details
บท
บทความวิจัย ด้านวิทยาศาสตร์ประยุกต์
บทความที่ลงตีพิมพ์เป็นข้อคิดเห็นของผู้เขียนเท่านั้น
ผู้เขียนจะต้องเป็นผู้รับผิดชอบต่อผลทางกฎหมายใดๆ ที่อาจเกิดขึ้นจากบทความนั้น
References
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[29] Y.Q. Wang, X.Y. Zhang, and R. R. Draxler, “TrajStat: GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data,” Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 938–939, 2009.
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[31] L. Jin, J. D. Berman, J. L. Warren, J. I. Levy, G. Thurston, Y. Zhang, X. Xu, S. Wang, Y. Zhang, and M. L. Bell, “A land use regression model of nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter in a complex urban core in Lanzhou, China,” Environmental Research, vol. 177, pp. 108597, 2019.
[32] C. J. Cros, A. L. Terpeluk, N. E. Crain, M. C. Juenger, and R. L. Corsi, “Influence of environmental factors on removal of oxides of nitrogen by a photocatalytic coating,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol. 65, no. 8, pp. 937–947, 2015.
[33] O. M. Morakinyo, A. S. Adebowale, M. I. Mokgobu, and M. S. Mukhola, “Health risk of inhalation exposure to sub-10 μm particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in an urban-industrial area in South Africa: An ecological study,” BMJ Open, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1–9, 2017.
[34] A. G.-Kosowska, “Assessment of the Krako´w inhabitants’ health risk caused by the exposure to inhalation of outdoor air contaminants,” Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 485–499, 2018.
[2] L. Smith, S. Mukerjee, K. Kovalcik, E. Sams, C. Stallings, E. Hudgens, J. Scott, T. Krantz, and L. Neas, “Near-road measurements for nitrogen dioxide and its association with traffic exposure zones,” Atmospheric Pollution Research, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1082–1086, 2015.
[3] S. Siraratprapa, “Development of passive samplers for nitrogen dioxide gas monitoring” M.S. thesis, Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School, Silpakron University, 2012 (in Thai).
[4] M. Stranger, A. Krata, K.V. Deutsch, L. Bencs, F. Deutsch, A. Worobiec, I. Naveau, E. Roekens, and V. R. Grieken, “Monitoring of NO2 in the ambient air with passive samplers before and after a road reconstruction event,” Microchemical Journal, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 93–98, 2008.
[5] Ph. Collart, D. Dubourg, D. A. Levêque, N. B. Sierra, and Y. Coppieters, “Data on short-term effect of nitrogen dioxide on cardiovascular health in Wallonia, Belgium,” Data in Brief, vol. 17, pp. 172–179, 2018.
[6] S. Buteau, M. Hatzopoulou, L. D. Crouse, A. Smargiassi, R. T. Burnett, T. Logan, L. D. Cavellin, and M.S. Goldberg, “Comparison of spatiotemporal prediction models of daily exposure of individuals to ambient nitrogen dioxide and ozone in Montreal, Canada,” Environmental Research, vol. 156, pp. 201–230, 2017.
[7] E. Du, D. Dong, X. Zeng, Z. Sun, X. Jiang, and W. Vries, “Direct effect of acid rain on leaf chlorophyll content of terrestrial plants in China,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 605–606, pp. 764–769, 2017.
[8] Pollution Control Department (PCD). (2009, Aug 14). Air quality and noise standards. Pollution Control Department. Bangkok, Thailand [Online]. Available: http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/reg_std_airsnd01.html (in Thai).
[9] WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, World Health Organization (WHO) Denmark, 2005, pp. 16–17.
[10] United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). (2019, Nov 5). National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Table, US-EPA, United State. [Online]. Available: http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/reg_std_airsnd01.html
[11] P. D. Hien, M. Hangartner, P. M. Tan, and S. Fabian, “Concentrations of NO2, SO2, and benzene across Hanoi measured by passive diffusion samplers,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 88, pp. 66–73, 2014.
[12] S. Sillapapiromsuk and R. Janta, “Monitoring of ambient nitrogen dioxide concentrations in Lampang city by passive sampling,” Khon Kaen University Science Journal, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 560–571, 2018 (in Thai).
[13] S. Bootdee, S. Wongtim, N. Kerdtawee, S. Phantu, and N. Chuathong, “Spatial and temporal variation of ambient nitrogen dioxide concentrations in Pattaya city, Chon Buri Province,” The Journal of KMUTNB, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 481–494, 2019 (in Thai).
[14] H. Bae, W. Yang, and M. Chung, “Indoor and outdoor concentrations of RSP, NO2 and selected volatile organic compounds at 32 shoe stalls located near busy roadways in Seoul, Korea,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 323, no. 1–3, pp. 99–105, 2004.
[15] X. Han and L. P. Naeher, “A review of trafficrelated air pollution exposure assessment studies in the developing world,” Environment International, vol. 32, no. 1, pp 106–120, 2006.
[16] J. A. Kami ska, “A random forest partition model for predicting NO2 concentrations from traffic flow and meteorological conditions,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 651(Pt 1), pp. 475–483, 2019.
[17] Y. Zhang, “Dynamic effect analysis of meteorological conditions on air pollution: A case study from Beijing,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 684, pp. 178–185, 2019.
[18] Meteorological Department of Thailand. (2019, Jan.). The Climate of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. Available: http://www.marine.tmd.go.th/thai/tus_type/
[19] N. L. Gilbert, S. Woodhouse, D. M. Stieb, and J. R. Brook, “Ambient nitrogen dioxide and distance from a major highway,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 312, no. 1–3, pp 43–46, 2003.
[20] P. Chalermrom, “Development of test kit for determination of nitrogen dioxide in ambient air using passive sampling technique,” M.S. thesis, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 2008 (in Thai).
[21] S. Bootdee, “Application of air passive sampler test kit for monitoring of nitrogen dioxide levels in Chiang Mai Province,” M.S. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 2009 (in Thai).
[22] C. Khamkaew, “Seasonal variation of nitrogen dioxide, PM10 and its major ion composition in Chiang Mai Province,” M.S. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 2010 (in Thai).
[23] S. Bootdee, P. Chalemrom, and S. Chantara, “Validation and field application of tailor-made nitrogen dioxide passive samplers,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 515–526, 2012.
[24] E. D. Palms, R. M. Burton, K. Ravishankar, and J. J. Solomon, “A simple mathematical model for diffusional sampler operation,” American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 418–420, 1986.
[25] V. Garbero, A. Montaldo, N. Lazovic, P. Salizzoni, S. Berrone, and L. Soulhac, “The impact of the urban air pollution on the human health: A case-study in Turin,” Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, vol. 11, pp. 729–732, 2011.
[26] R. Onchang, and P. Hemwat, “Students’ perception of industrial environmental stimuli: Focus on particulate matter,” Science and Technology Silpakorn University, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 349–362, 2016 (in Thai).
[27] B. F. A. De Oliveira, E. Igotti, P. Artzxo, P. H. N. Saldiva, W. L. Juger, and S. Hacon, “Risk assessment of PM 2.5 to child residents in Brazilian Amazon region with biofuel production,” Environmental Health, vol. 11 no. 64, 2012.
[28] R.V. Dı´az and E. R. Dominguez, “Health risk by inhalation of PM 2.5 in the metropolitan zone of the City of Mexico,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 866–871, 2009.
[29] Y.Q. Wang, X.Y. Zhang, and R. R. Draxler, “TrajStat: GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data,” Environmental Modelling & Software, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 938–939, 2009.
[30] C. Yuan, E. Ng, and L. K. Norford, “Improving air quality in high-density cities by understanding the relationship between air pollutant dispersion and urban morphologies,” Building and Environment, vol. 71, pp. 245–258, 2014.
[31] L. Jin, J. D. Berman, J. L. Warren, J. I. Levy, G. Thurston, Y. Zhang, X. Xu, S. Wang, Y. Zhang, and M. L. Bell, “A land use regression model of nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter in a complex urban core in Lanzhou, China,” Environmental Research, vol. 177, pp. 108597, 2019.
[32] C. J. Cros, A. L. Terpeluk, N. E. Crain, M. C. Juenger, and R. L. Corsi, “Influence of environmental factors on removal of oxides of nitrogen by a photocatalytic coating,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol. 65, no. 8, pp. 937–947, 2015.
[33] O. M. Morakinyo, A. S. Adebowale, M. I. Mokgobu, and M. S. Mukhola, “Health risk of inhalation exposure to sub-10 μm particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in an urban-industrial area in South Africa: An ecological study,” BMJ Open, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1–9, 2017.
[34] A. G.-Kosowska, “Assessment of the Krako´w inhabitants’ health risk caused by the exposure to inhalation of outdoor air contaminants,” Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 485–499, 2018.