การค้ามนุษย์ในผู้หญิงกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์: กรณีของผู้หญิงม้งในประเทศลาว
คำสำคัญ:
วัฒนธรรมม้ง, ชาติพันธุ์, การค้ามนุษย์, ความรุนแรงบนฐานเพศสภาวะบทคัดย่อ
การเคลื่อนย้ายของของผู้คนและแรงงานในประเทศลาวนั้นถูกระบุว่ามีปัจจัยทางเศรษฐกิจ นโยบายรัฐบาลและปัจจัยทางสังคม รวมถึงปัจจัยด้านความรุนแรงบนฐานเพศซึ่งถูกระบุว่าทำให้ผู้หญิงนั้นมีความเสี่ยงที่จะย้ายถิ่นฐานแบบไม่ปลอดภัยรวมถึงอาจตกเป็นเหยื่อของการค้ามนุษย์ได้ งานเขียนฉบับนี้ต้องการวิเคราะห์เชิงลึกให้เห็นรายละเอียดของความรุนแรงบนฐานเพศสภาวะในกรณีการค้ามนุษย์ ซึ่งได้ออกแบบการศึกษาวิจัยเชิงชาติพันธุ์วรรณนาผ่านการสัมภาษณ์ประวัติชีวิตเชิงลึกของผู้เข้าร่วมศึกษาหนึ่งท่าน และมีเครื่องมือในการเก็บข้อมูลผ่านการสัมภาษณ์การสนทนากลุ่มและการสังเกตผู้เข้าร่วมอื่นเพื่อข้อมูลที่ครบถ้วนและตรวจสอบได้แบบสามเส้าในพื้นที่การศึกษาที่นครหลวงเวียงจันทน์ สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยประชาชนลาว การวิเคราะห์ใช้วิธีวิเคราะห์ประสบการณ์ของผู้เข้าร่วมโดยใช้ทฤษฎี structuration ซึ่งพบว่าการที่ผู้หญิงถูกหล่อหลอมมาในสังคมที่มีวัฒนธรรมชายเป็นใหญ่ซึ่งได้จัดวางตัวตนของผู้หญิงให้มีสถานะเป็นรองผู้ชาย ซึ่งสร้างข้อจำกัดทางโอกาสรวมถึงการสนับสนุนทางสังคมและสร้างความด้อยอำนาจให้แก่ผู้หญิง นอกจากนี้ยังเป็นการผลิตซ้ำความรุนแรงทางวัฒนธรรมเชิงโครงสร้างที่มีลักษะของความรุนแรงบนฐานเพศสภาวะซึ่งเป็นปัจจัยหนึ่งที่ทำให้ผู้หญิงมีความเสี่ยง หรือตกเป็นเหยื่อของการค้ามนุษย์ หรือมีความเสี่ยงที่จะเข้าสู่การเคลื่อนย้ายถิ่นแบบไม่ปลอดภัยอีกด้วย
References
References
Chang, Ace. (2015). Social Factors Related to Domestic Violence among Hmong Adults. Retrieved from Sophia,
the St. Catherine University repository website: https:// Sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/248
Cerhan, J.U. (1999). The Hmong in the United States: An overview for mental health professionals. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 88 – 92.
Centre Against International Human Trafficking, Office of Attorney General. (n.d.) Case law database: Sarawan and Kongsamrej, Available: https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/case-law-doc/ traffickingpersonscrimetype/tha/2012/sarawan_and_kongsamrej.html?lng=en&tmpl=sherloc [17 January 2020]
Cha, Y. P. (2010) An introduction to Hmong culture, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company Inc.
Ethnic minorities and indigenous people. (2019) Available: https://laos.opendevelopmentmekong.net/topics/ ethnic-minorities-and-indigenous-people/ [19 January 2020]
Farzaneh, M., & Movahed, M. (2015) Disadvantage to pre-school children learning a foreign language, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 858-864.
Foo, Lora J. (2002). Hmong women in the US: Changing a patriarchal culture. In Lora J. Foo (Ed.) Asian
American Women: Issues, concerns and responsive human and civil rights advocacy (pp. 4 – 161). New York: Ford Foundation.
Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005) Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study, Development Psychology, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 625-635.
Gerin, R. (2018). Lao Woman’s Ordeal Highlights Growing Trafficking Problem as Workers Seek Better Jobs in Thailand Available: https://www.rfa.org/english/news/laos/lao-womans-ordeal-highlights-growing-trafficking-problem-11142018162254.html [20 February 2020]
Giddens, A. & Pierson, C. (1998.) Conversations with Anthony Giddens Making Sense of Modernity. California: Stanford University Press.
Hmong Statistics Population: Estimated. (2017) Available: https://unpo.org/members/7891 [15 January 2020]
Hu, R. (2016) The age factor in second language learning, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 2164-2168.
International Labour Organisation (ILO). (2008) Meeting the challenge: Proven practices for human trafficking prevention in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region, Available: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ ---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_099806.pdf [20 January 2020]
Jun, Y. (2017). A UN Women booklet helps smooth the journey for Lao migrant workers in Thailand Available: https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2017/12/journey-for-lao-migrant-workers-in-thailand [20 February 2020]
Lao Statistics Bureau. (2015) Results of population and housing census 2015, Available: https://lao.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf [20 January 2020]
Lisuk, M. N. (2015) What is a good girl? The evolution of feminine identity in the American Hmong community, Master’s thesis, California State University.
Macnamara, J. (1973) Nurseries, streets and classrooms: Some comparisons and deductions, The Modern Language Journal, vol. 57, no. 5-6, pp. 250-254.
Moua, T. (2003) The Hmong culture: Kinship, marriage and family systems, Master’s thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout.
Rawls, A. W., & David, G. (2006) Accountably other: Trust, reciprocity and exclusion in a context of situated practice, Human Studies, vol. 28, pp. 469-497.
Reinharz, S. (1992). Feminist Methods in Social Research. New York: Oxford University Press.
Palmgren, Pei. (2011). Navigating a Hostile Terrain: Refugees and Human Rights in Southeast Asia.
Sociology Compass, 5(5), pp. 323-325.
Schlemmer, G. (2017) Ethnic belonging in Laos: A politico- historical perspective, Available: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01853834/document [20 January 2020]
Spivak, G.C. (1993). Can the Subaltern Speak? In P. Williams & L. Chrisman (Eds.), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (pp. 66-111), Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Soukhathammavong, S. (2013). The Impacts of Migrant Workers on Their Communities: A Case Study
Of Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR, the 6th Thai and Southeast Asian Studies Graduate Symposium Forum on New Researches: Weaving Diversities in Southeast Asia; Socio- Cultural Perspectives, the Southeast Asian Studies Program, Graduate School and Thai Studies Centre, Faculty of Arts Chulalongkorn University.
Sudprasert, K. (2008) Changing gender relation of Hmong women hemp traders: from village to market, Chiang Mai: Graduate School Chiang Mai University.
Sweeney, W. (2015). Victims of Poverty and Gender Roles: The Marriage Practices, Gender-based Violence, and Trafficking That Hmong Women Face in Their Daily Lives, Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection, 2098.
United States Department of State. (2015) Trafficking in persons report - Thailand, Available: https://www.refworld.org/docid/55b73b9131.html [20 January 2020]
Chang, Ace. (2015). Social Factors Related to Domestic Violence among Hmong Adults. Retrieved from Sophia,
the St. Catherine University repository website: https:// Sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/248
Cerhan, J.U. (1999). The Hmong in the United States: An overview for mental health professionals. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 88 – 92.
Centre Against International Human Trafficking, Office of Attorney General. (n.d.) Case law database: Sarawan and Kongsamrej, Available: https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/case-law-doc/ traffickingpersonscrimetype/tha/2012/sarawan_and_kongsamrej.html?lng=en&tmpl=sherloc [17 January 2020]
Cha, Y. P. (2010) An introduction to Hmong culture, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company Inc.
Ethnic minorities and indigenous people. (2019) Available: https://laos.opendevelopmentmekong.net/topics/ ethnic-minorities-and-indigenous-people/ [19 January 2020]
Farzaneh, M., & Movahed, M. (2015) Disadvantage to pre-school children learning a foreign language, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 858-864.
Foo, Lora J. (2002). Hmong women in the US: Changing a patriarchal culture. In Lora J. Foo (Ed.) Asian
American Women: Issues, concerns and responsive human and civil rights advocacy (pp. 4 – 161). New York: Ford Foundation.
Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005) Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study, Development Psychology, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 625-635.
Gerin, R. (2018). Lao Woman’s Ordeal Highlights Growing Trafficking Problem as Workers Seek Better Jobs in Thailand Available: https://www.rfa.org/english/news/laos/lao-womans-ordeal-highlights-growing-trafficking-problem-11142018162254.html [20 February 2020]
Giddens, A. & Pierson, C. (1998.) Conversations with Anthony Giddens Making Sense of Modernity. California: Stanford University Press.
Hmong Statistics Population: Estimated. (2017) Available: https://unpo.org/members/7891 [15 January 2020]
Hu, R. (2016) The age factor in second language learning, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 2164-2168.
International Labour Organisation (ILO). (2008) Meeting the challenge: Proven practices for human trafficking prevention in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region, Available: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ ---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_099806.pdf [20 January 2020]
Jun, Y. (2017). A UN Women booklet helps smooth the journey for Lao migrant workers in Thailand Available: https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2017/12/journey-for-lao-migrant-workers-in-thailand [20 February 2020]
Lao Statistics Bureau. (2015) Results of population and housing census 2015, Available: https://lao.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf [20 January 2020]
Lisuk, M. N. (2015) What is a good girl? The evolution of feminine identity in the American Hmong community, Master’s thesis, California State University.
Macnamara, J. (1973) Nurseries, streets and classrooms: Some comparisons and deductions, The Modern Language Journal, vol. 57, no. 5-6, pp. 250-254.
Moua, T. (2003) The Hmong culture: Kinship, marriage and family systems, Master’s thesis, University of Wisconsin-Stout.
Rawls, A. W., & David, G. (2006) Accountably other: Trust, reciprocity and exclusion in a context of situated practice, Human Studies, vol. 28, pp. 469-497.
Reinharz, S. (1992). Feminist Methods in Social Research. New York: Oxford University Press.
Palmgren, Pei. (2011). Navigating a Hostile Terrain: Refugees and Human Rights in Southeast Asia.
Sociology Compass, 5(5), pp. 323-325.
Schlemmer, G. (2017) Ethnic belonging in Laos: A politico- historical perspective, Available: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01853834/document [20 January 2020]
Spivak, G.C. (1993). Can the Subaltern Speak? In P. Williams & L. Chrisman (Eds.), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (pp. 66-111), Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Soukhathammavong, S. (2013). The Impacts of Migrant Workers on Their Communities: A Case Study
Of Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR, the 6th Thai and Southeast Asian Studies Graduate Symposium Forum on New Researches: Weaving Diversities in Southeast Asia; Socio- Cultural Perspectives, the Southeast Asian Studies Program, Graduate School and Thai Studies Centre, Faculty of Arts Chulalongkorn University.
Sudprasert, K. (2008) Changing gender relation of Hmong women hemp traders: from village to market, Chiang Mai: Graduate School Chiang Mai University.
Sweeney, W. (2015). Victims of Poverty and Gender Roles: The Marriage Practices, Gender-based Violence, and Trafficking That Hmong Women Face in Their Daily Lives, Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection, 2098.
United States Department of State. (2015) Trafficking in persons report - Thailand, Available: https://www.refworld.org/docid/55b73b9131.html [20 January 2020]
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2020-06-23
How to Cite
Buakhiao, H. (2020). การค้ามนุษย์ในผู้หญิงกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์: กรณีของผู้หญิงม้งในประเทศลาว. Life Sciences and Environment Journal, 21(1), 224–244. สืบค้น จาก https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/psru/article/view/240558
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