Obesity in Early Childhood : Risk Factors, Impacts, and Health Promotion

Abstract

          Early childhood development occurs rapidly, and health during this period has received increasing attention due to its influence on individual well-being, national development, and future economic prosperity. Surveys have identified obesity as a prevalent health issue in early childhood. Childhood obesity is a significant and growing public health concern worldwide. Major risk factors for obesity in early childhood include poor dietary habits, physical inactivity, genetic predisposition, social factors, and maternal health during pregnancy. Childhood obesity has well-documented impacts on physical, psychological, social, and developmental health. Furthermore, it increases the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers. The severity and widespread nature of these consequences have made childhood obesity one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century.

          Effective health promotion to prevent obesity in early childhood requires collaboration across all sectors and should be implemented both reactively and proactively. This comprehensive strategy should include preliminary screening, detailed history-taking, and health examinations for all children in early childhood. Educational campaigns should aim to modify dietary behaviors and promote physical activities that enable children to exercise or engage in age-appropriate play. Supportive environments that foster good health should be created in the home, early childhood development centers, and the broader community. Systematic and continuous education and awareness efforts targeting children, parents, guardians, and caregivers are essential to promote sustainable health and prevent obesity in early childhood.