การพัฒนากระบวนการกลั่นทางชีวภาพเพื่อการผลิต เชื้อเพลิงชีวภาพ สารเคมี และวัสดุชีวภาพจากชีวมวลลิกโนเซลลูโลส
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บทคัดย่อ
กระบวนการกลั่นทางชีวภาพเป็นกระบวนการที่นำวัสดุชีวมวลลิกโนเซลลูโลสมาผลิตเป็นผลิตภัณฑ์ที่มีมูลค่าเพิ่ม ได้แก่ พลังงานชีวภาพ (เช่น เอทานอล มีเทน บิวทานอล) พลาสติกชีวภาพ สารเคมีแพลทฟอร์ม สารชีวเคมี เป็นต้น โดยวัสดุชีวมวลลิกโนเซลลูโลสได้มาจากกิจกรรมทางการเกษตร หรือโรงงานแปรรูปสินค้าเกษตร เช่น ฟางข้าว ชานอ้อย กากกาแฟ หญ้า ซังข้าวโพด เป็นต้น ซึ่งมักจะถูกนำไปเผาทำลายหลังฤดูกาลเก็บเกี่ยวก่อให้เกิดเป็นมลภาวะทางสิ่งแวดล้อม เนื่องจากลักษณะที่สำคัญของชีวมวลลิกโนเซลลูโลสประกอบไปด้วย เซลลูโลส เฮมิเซลลูโลส และลิกนิน ซึ่งชีวมวลสามารถเปลี่ยนไปเป็นน้ำตาลที่ใช้เป็นวัตถุดิบในกระบวนการหมักด้วยจุลินทรีย์ จึงทำให้ชีวมวลชนิดนี้มีศักยภาพสูงในการนำมาใช้เป็นวัตถุดิบในกระบวนการกลั่นทางชีวภาพ นอกจากนี้ยังถือว่าวัสดุชีวมวลลิกโนเซลลูโลสเป็นวัตถุดิบที่เป็นมิตรต่อสิ่งแวดล้อมและยังช่วยลดปัญหาปริมาณขยะที่เกิดจากของเหลือทิ้งทางการเกษตร บทความนี้จึงรวบรวมแนวทางการพัฒนากระบวนการกลั่นทางชีวภาพของชีวมวลลิกโนเซลลูโลสเพื่อผลิตเป็นผลิตภัณฑ์หลักสามประเภท ได้แก่ พลังงานชีวภาพ พลาสติกชีวภาพ และสารเคมีแพลตฟอร์ม ซึ่งเป็นผลจากการพัฒนางานวิจัยและรวมไปถึงการนำเสนอข้อจำกัดของกระบวนการและแนวทางในการพัฒนาในเพื่อการผลิตในระดับอุตสาหกรรมในอนาคต
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