The Improvement of Basic Properties of Calcined Oyster Shells as Catalyst for Biodiesel Production
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Abstract
The basic properties of a calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst derived from oyster shells, calcinated and impregnated with potassium hydroxide (KOH), have been enhanced for catalyzing transesterification reactions of waste cooking oil (WCO) and ethanol (EtOH) to produce biodiesel. The parameters investigated include the mass ratio of CaO to KOH (1 : 1 to 1 : 4) in the catalyst preparation, as well as the catalyst amount, molar ratio of WCO to EtOH, reaction temperature, and reaction time in the transesterification process. The experimental results reveal that a 4.0% w/w CaO/KOH catalyst, prepared with a 1 : 2 mass ratio and a 1 : 10 molar ratio of WCO to EtOH, at 60°C for 240 minutes, yields 100% biodiesel. Characterization of the chemical and physical properties of the catalyst using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) discloses that the CaO surface porosity, impregnated by hydroxide ions (OH–) and potassium ions (K+), increases active sites. These absorptive characteristics enhance the basic properties and accelerate the reaction rate of biodiesel synthesis. The fuel properties of the biodiesel produced in this research are within the standard specifications of the Department of Energy Business of Thailand.
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