ศึกษาสภาวะที่เหมาะสมในการสกัดน้ำมันจากกากกาแฟ (โรบัสต้า/อะราบิก้า) ด้วยเฮกเซนโดยใช้วิธีวิทยาพื้นผิวตอบสนอง
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บทคัดย่อ
การศึกษาครั้งนี้มีจุดประสงค์เพื่อหาสภาวะที่เหมาะสมในการสกัดน้ำมันจากกากกาแฟ (Spent Coffee Grounds; SCG) ของพันธุ์โรบัสต้า (Coffea canephora var. robusta) และอะราบิก้า (Coffea arabica) ด้วยตัวทำละลายเฮกเซน โดยวิธีวิทยาพื้นผิวตอบสนอง (Response Surface Methodology) และการออกแบบการทดลองแบบประสมกลาง (Central Composite Design; CCD) ผ่านการประมวลผลด้วยซอฟต์แวร์ Minitab R.17 ปัจจัยที่ใช้ในการศึกษานี้ประกอบด้วยอัตราส่วนระหว่างตัวทำละลายต่อกากกาแฟ (4 : 1–8 : 1 มล./ก.) อุณหภูมิในการสกัด (35–45°ซ) และเวลาในการสกัด (15–45 นาที) โดยในแต่ละปัจจัยมี 5 ระดับรอบ CCD จำนวนเงื่อนไขในการทดลองเท่ากับ 20 การทดลอง ข้อมูลเหล่านี้วิเคราะห์ด้วยแบบจำลองสหสัมพันธ์กำลังสองไม่เป็นเส้นตรง ผลการศึกษาพบว่าทุกปัจจัยมีสหสัมพันธ์กันอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติสภาวะที่เหมาะสมของแต่ละปัจจัย ได้แก่ อัตราส่วนระหว่างตัวทำละลายต่อกากกาแฟ 8.14 มล./ก. อุณหภูมิในการสกัด 46.97°ซ เวลาในการสกัด 27.22 นาที และค่าปริมาณน้ำมันที่สกดั ไดส้ งู สดุ รอ้ ยละ 13.04 โดยน้ำหนักและเมื่อนำสภาวะเหล่านี้ไปทำการทดลองจึงพบว่า ค่าปริมาณน้ำมันที่สกัดได้สูงสุดเท่ากับร้อยละ 13.08±0.20 ซึ่งมีค่าใกล้เคียงและมีความแม่นยำสูงกับค่าทำนายจากแบบจำลองทางคณิตศาสตร์ และวิเคราะห์คุณสมบัติของน้ำมันกาแฟที่สกัดได้ (กรดไขมันอิสระ ความหนืด และความหนาแน่น) ค่ากรดไขมันของน้ำมันกาแฟประมาณ 3.70 mgNaOH/gOil แสดงว่าเหมาะสำหรับปฏิกิริยาเอสเทอร์ริฟิเคชัน และน้ำมันกาแฟมีค่าความหนืด 49.65 cP ที่ 40°ซ และค่าความหนาแน่น 948 กก./ม.3 ที่ 15°ซ
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บท
บทความวิจัย ด้านวิศวกรรมศาสตร์
บทความที่ลงตีพิมพ์เป็นข้อคิดเห็นของผู้เขียนเท่านั้น
ผู้เขียนจะต้องเป็นผู้รับผิดชอบต่อผลทางกฎหมายใดๆ ที่อาจเกิดขึ้นจากบทความนั้น
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[30] S. Šahin and R. Šamlı, “Optimization of olive leaf extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction with response surface methodology,” Ultrasonics Sonochemistry journal, vol. 20, pp. 595–602, 2012.
[2] N. Kondamudi, S. K. Mohapatra, and M. Misra, “Spent coffee grounds as a versatile source of green energy,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 56, no. 24, pp. 11757–11760, 2008.
[3] N. S. Caetano, A. C. Melo, T. M. Mata, V. F. M. Silva, and A. A. Martins, “Spent coffee grounds for biodiesel production and other applications,” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 1423–1430, 2014.
[4] L. S. Oliveira, A. S. Franca, J. C. F. Mendonça, and M. C. Barros-Júnior, “Proximate composition and fatty acids profile of green and roasted defective coffee beans,” LWT - Food Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 235–239, 2006.
[5] P. Campo, Y. Zhao, M. T. Suidan, A. D. Venosa, and G. A. Sorial, “Biodegradation kinetics and toxicity of vegetable oil triacylglycerols under aerobic conditions,” Chemosphere, vol. 68, no. 11, pp. 2054–2062, 2007.
[6] T. Dugmore. (2017, June). The Business of Food Waste. Centre for European Policy Studies. Brussels, [Online]. Available: http://www.ceps.eu/sites/default/files/u153872/Tom%20Dugmore%20%20The%20Business%20of%20Food%20Waste.pdf
[7] International Coffee Organization (ICO). (2017, June). Total Coffee Production of Exporting Countries. International Coffee Organization. London, UK, 2016, [Online]. Available: http://www.ico.org/monthly_coffee_trade_stats.asp
[8] M. M. Gui, K. T. Lee, and S. Bhatia, “Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock,” Energy, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1646–1653, 2008.
[9] J.N. Wintgens, Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production, 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH, 2009.
[10] L. Servillo, A. Giovane, R. Casale, D. Cautela, N. D’Onofrio, M. L. Balestrieri, and D. Castaldo, “Homostachydrine (pipecolic acid betaine) as authentication marker of roasted blends of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora (Robusta) beans,” Food Chemistry, vol. 205, pp. 52–57, 2016.
[11] Z. Al-Hamamre, S. Foerster, F. Hartmann, M. Kröger, and M. Kaltschmitt, “Oil extracted from spent coffee grounds as a renewable source for fatty acid methyl ester manufacturing,” Fuel, vol. 96, pp. 70–76, 2012.
[12] M. Abdullah and A. Bulent Koc, “Oil removal from waste coffee grounds using two-phase solvent extraction enhanced with ultrasonication,” Renewable Energy, vol. 50, pp. 965–970, 2013.
[13] N. S. Caetano, V. F. M. Silvaa, and T. M. Mata, “Valorization of coffee grounds for biodiesel production,” Chemical Engineering Transactions, vol. 26, pp. 267–272, 2012.
[14] Z. Alam, S. A. Muyibi, and J. Toramae, “Statistical optimization of adsorption processes for removal of 2 , 4-dichlorophenol by activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches,” Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 19, pp. 674–677, 2007.
[15] D. Awapak, N. Maha, and D. Pichairat, “Optimization of polysaccharide extraction from Gracilaria fisheri using response surface methodology,” KKU Science Journal, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 414–430, 2013 (in Thai).
[16] M. Stroescu, A. Stoica-Guzun, S. Ghergu, N. Chira, and I. Jipa, “Optimization of fatty acids extraction from Portulaca oleracea seed using response surface methodology,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 405–411, 2013.
[17] S. Zhao and D. Zhang, “A parametric study of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from Moringa oleifera seeds using a response surface methodology,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 113, pp. 9–17, 2013.
[18] D.C. Montgomery, Design and Analysis of Experiments. 8th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.
[19] D. R. Vardon, B. R. Moser, W. Zheng, K. Witkin, R. L. Evangelista, T. J. Strathmann, K. Rajagopalan, and B. K. Sharma, “Complete utilization of spent coffee grounds to produce biodiesel, bio-oil, and biochar,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 1286–1294, 2013.
[20] H. A. Oramahi, Wahdina, F. Diba, Nurhaida, and T. Yoshimura, “Optimization of production of lignocellulosic biomass bio-oil from oil palm trunk,” Procedia Environmental Sciences, vol. 28, pp. 769–777, 2015.
[21] S. V. Ghadge and H. Raheman, “Process optimization for biodiesel production from mahua (Madhuca indica) oil using response surface methodology,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 379–384, 2006.
[22] M. Noparat, “Optimization of high protein content protein hydrolysate extraction from hard clam (meretrix casta) using response surface methodology,” KKU Science Journal, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 425–438, 2015 (in Thai).
[23] B. Sadhukhan, N. K. Mondal, and S. Chattoraj, “Optimisation using central composite design (CCD) and the desirability function for sorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution onto Lemna major,” Karbala International Journal of Modern Science, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 145–155, 2016.
[24] M. V. P. Rocha, L. J. B. L. de Matos, L. P. de Lima, P. M. da S. Figueiredo, I. L. Lucena, F. A. N. Fernandes, and L. R. B. Gonalves, “Ultrasoundassisted production of biodiesel and ethanol from spent coffee grounds,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 167, pp. 343–348, 2014.
[25] S. Obruca, S. Petrik, P. Benesova, Z. Svoboda, L. Eremka, and I. Marova, “Utilization of oil extracted from spent coffee grounds for sustainable production of polyhydroxyalkanoates,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 98, no. 13, pp. 5883–5890, 2014.
[26] Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 5th edition, AOCS press. 1997.
[27] D. R. Vardon, B. R. Moser, W. Zheng, K. Witkin, R. L. Evangelista, T. J. Strathmann, K. Rajagopalan, and B. K. Sharma, “Complete utilization of spent coffee grounds to produce biodiesel, biooil, and biochar,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 1286–1294, 2013.
[28] A. Elkhaleefa and I. Shigidi, “Optimization of sesame oil extraction process conditions,” Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, vol. 5, pp. 305–310, 2015.
[29] W. Chen, W. Wang, H. Zhang, and Q. Huang, “Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from Boletus edulis mycelia using response surface methodology,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 614–619, 2012.
[30] S. Šahin and R. Šamlı, “Optimization of olive leaf extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction with response surface methodology,” Ultrasonics Sonochemistry journal, vol. 20, pp. 595–602, 2012.