อิทธิพลของการเติมลวดเชื่อมอลูมิเนียมต่อสมบัติทางกล และส่วนผสมทางเคมีของแนวเชื่อมพอกผิวแข็งเหล็กกล้าคาร์บอนต่ำด้วยกระบวนการเชื่อมอาร์คทังสเตนแก๊สคลุม(The Influence of Adding Aluminum Welding Wire on Mechanical Properties and Chemical Composition of the Welding Hardfacing Welded Low Carbon Steel by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process)
คำสำคัญ:
เชื่อมพอกผิวแข็ง, ส่วนผสมทางเคมี, เหล็กกล้าคาร์บอนต่ำ, การเชื่อมอาร์คทังสเตนแก๊สคลุมบทคัดย่อ
บทความวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาผลกระทบของการเติมลวดเชื่อมอลูมิเนียมต่อสมบัติทางกล โครงสร้างจุลภาค และส่วนประกอบทางเคมีของแนวเชื่อมพอกผิวแข็งด้วยกรรมวิธีการเชื่อมอาร์คทังสเตนแก๊สคลุม โดยทำการเปรียบเทียบความเร็วในการเติมลวดเชื่อมอลูมิเนียมที่ 5-15 เมตร/นาที จากการทดลองพบว่าความเร็วในการเติมลวดเชื่อมอลูมิเนียม 15 เมตร/นาที มีค่าความแข็งสูงสุดที่ 885.87 HV และลดลงตามความเร็วลวดเชื่อม เมื่อพิจารณาถึงการสึกกร่อนของแนวเชื่อมพบว่าความเร็วในการเติมลวดเชื่อมที่ 10 เมตร/นาที มีอัตราการสึกกร่อนต่ำสุดที่ 0.123 กรัม/นาที จากการตรวจสอบโครงสร้างจุลภาคและส่วนประกอบทางเคมีพบว่าแนวเชื่อมที่เชื่อมด้วยความเร็วในการเติมลวด 15 เมตร/นาที มีการกระจ่ายตัวของอลูมิเนียมมากกว่าเหล็กมีลักษณะโครงสร้างจุลภาคแบบยูเทคติก FeAl สลับกับโครงสร้างลาเมลลายูเทคติก FeAl2 และมีรอยแตกร้าวในแนวเชื่อม แต่เมื่อลดความเร็วในการเติมลวดเชื่อมพบว่าแนวเชื่อมมีปริมาณเหล็กสูงกว่าอลูมิเนียมเกิดโครงสร้างจุลภาคยูเทคติก FeAl ลักษณะคล้ายเข็มจากปฎิกิริยายูเทคติกขึ้นแทรกกระจายตัวบนโครงสร้างของ FeAl3 และไม่พบรอยแตกร้าวในแนวเชื่อมเมื่อลดความเร็วในการเติมลวดเชื่อมอลูมิเนียม
เอกสารอ้างอิง
[1] H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and S. Atamert, “Comparison of the microstructures and abrasive wear properties of stellite hardfacing alloys deposited by arc welding and laser cladding”, Metallurgical Transactions A, 20(6), 1986, pp.1037-1054.
[2] C. Muralidharan, C.S. Ramachandran, R. Varahamoorthy and V.Balasubramanian, “Selection of welding process for hardfacing on carbon steels based on quantitative and qualitative factors”. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 40(9-10), 2009, pp.887-897.
[3] A. Toro, J.C. Gutierrez, L.M. Leon and M. F. Buchely, “The effect of microstructure on abrasive wear of hardfacing alloys”. Wear, 259(1-6), 2005, pp. 52-61.
[4] S. Chatterjee and T.K. Pal, “Wear behaviour of hardfacing deposits on cast iron”. Wear, 255(1-6), 2003, pp. 417-425.
[5] A. L.Gómez, J. J. Coronado and H. F. Caicedo, “The effects of welding processes on abrasive wear resistance for hardfacing deposits”. Tribology International, 42(5), 2009, pp.745-749.
[6] A.N.J. Stevenson and I.M. Hutchings, “Wear of hardfacing white cast irons by solid particle erosion”. Wear, 186, 1995, pp. 150-158.
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[8] A. K. Lakshminarayanan, R. Varahamoorthy, S. Babu and V. Balasubramanian, “Application of response surface methodolody to prediction of dilution in plasma transferred arc hardfacing of stainless steel on carbon steel”. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 16(1), 2009, pp. 44-53.
[9] D.G. Tecco, E.O. Correa, N.G Alcantara and R.V. Kumar, “The relationship between the microstructure and abrasive resistance of a hardfacing alloy in the Fe-Cr-C-Nb-V system”. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 38(8), 2007, pp.1671-1680.
[10] K. Nakata, S. Saji, S. Tomida and T. Kubo, “Formation of metal matrix composite layer on aluminum alloy with TiC-Cu powder by laser surface alloying process”. Surface and Coatings Technology, 142, 2001, pp. 585-589.
[11] A. Olsen and L. Gjønnes, “Laser-modified aluminium surfaces with iron”. Journal of Materials Science, 29(3), 1994, pp.728-735.
[12] K. Nakata and S. Tomida, “Fe–Al composite layers on aluminum alloy formed by laser surface alloying with iron powder”. Surface and Coatings Technology, 174, 2003, pp. 559-563.
[13] A. Coulet, F. Barbier and K. Bouche, “Intermetallic compound layer growth between solid iron and molten aluminium”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 249(1-2), 1998, pp. 167-175.
[14] S. Kobayashi and T. Yakou, “Control of intermetallic compound layers at interface between steel and aluminum by diffusion-treatment”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 338(1-2), 2002, pp.44-53.
[15] S.P. Gupta and T. Maitra, “Intermetallic compound formation in Fe–Al–Si ternary system: Part II”. Materials Characterization, 49(4), 2002, p. 293-311.
[16] D. Wang, W. Gao, Y. He and Z. Zhan, “Low-temperature processing of Fe–Al intermetallic coatings assisted by ball milling”. Intermetallics, 14(1), 2006, pp. 75-81.
[17] S.P. Gupta, “Intermetallic compound formation in Fe–Al–Si ternary system: Part I”. Materials Characterization, 49(4), 2002, pp. 269-291.
[18] C. L. Fan, C. L. Yang, J. L. Song and S.B. Lin, “Effects of Si additions on intermetallic compound layer of aluminum–steel TIG welding–brazing joint”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 488(1), 2009, pp. 217-222.
[19] H. Saka, K. Nunome, K. Kaneko and T. Kato, “Formation of the ζ phase at an interface between an Fe substrate and a molten 0.2 mass% Al–Zn during galvannealing”. Acta materialia, 48(9), 2000, pp. 2257-2262.
[20] K.N. Tandon and X.Y. Li, “Microstructural characterization of mechanically mixed layer and wear debris in sliding wear of an Al alloy and an Al based composite”. Wear, 245(1-2), 2000, pp. 148-161.
[21] C.O.N.G. Wei, P. Z. Zhang, X.D. Gu, X. L. Zhu and Z. J. Yao, “Microstructure and corrosion resistance of Fe-Al intermetallic coating on 45 steel synthesized by double glow plasma surface alloying technology”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 19(1), 2009, pp. 143-148.
[22] W.H. Lee and R.Y. Lin, “Oxidation, sulfidation and hot corrosion of intermetallic compound Fe3Al at 605 oC and 800 oC”. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 58(3), 1999, pp. 231-242.
[23] M.H. Enayati and M. Salehi, “Formation mechanism of Fe3Al and FeAl intermetallic compounds during mechanical alloying”. Journal of Materials Science, 40(15), 2005, pp. 3933-3938.
[24] A. Radhakrishna and R.G. Baligidad, “Effect of alloying additions on structure and mechanical properties of high carbon Fe-16 wt.% Al alloy”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 287(1), 2000, pp. 17-24.
[25] N.S. Stoloff, “Iron aluminides: present status and future prospects”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 258(1-2), 1998, pp. 1-14.
[26] M. Palm, “Concepts derived from phase diagram studies for the strengthening of Fe–Al-based alloys”. Intermetallics, 13(12), 2005, pp. 1286-1295.
[27] I. Ohnuma, K. Ishida, O. Ikeda and R. Kainuma, “Phase equilibria and stability of ordered BCC phases in the Fe-rich portion of the Fe–Al system”. Intermetallics, 9(9), 2001, pp. 755-761.
[28] G. Inden and M. Palm “Experimental determination of phase equilibria in the Fe-Al-C system”. Intermetallics, 3(6), 1995, pp. 443-454.
[29] J. Bruckner, M. Potesser, H. Antrekowitsch, and T. Schoeberl, “The Characterization of the Intermetallic Fe-Al Layer of Steel-Aluminum Weldings”. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society , EPD Congress , 2006, pp. 167- 176.
[30] J.L. Murray, L.H. Bennett, H. Baker and T.B. Massalski, “Binary alloy phase diagrams”. vol. i and ii. American Society for Metals, 1986, pp. 2224.
[31] ASTM E407-07. Standard practice for microetching metals and alloys. 2015.
[32] ASTM Standard E-384. Standard Test Method for Microindentacion Hardness of Materials. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM. 2005.
[33] ASTM, E. Standard test method for measuring abrasion using the dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus. ASTM G65-91, pp.231-243.1991.
[34] M. Kutsuna and M.J. Rathod, “Joining of aluminum alloy 5052 and low-carbon steel by laser roll welding”. Welding Journal-New York, 83(1), 2004, pp. 16-26.
[35] J. Sabbaghzadeh, M.J. Torkamany and S. Tahamtan, “Dissimilar welding of carbon steel to 5754 aluminum alloy by Nd: YAG pulsed laser”. Materials & Design, 31(1), 2010, pp. 458-465.
[36] F.M. Ghaini, J. Sabbaghzadeh, M.J. Hamedi and M.J. Torkamany, “Weld metal microstructural characteristics in pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding. Scripta Materialia, 56(11), 2007, pp. 955-958.
[37] A. Matsunawa and V. Semak, “The simulation of front keyhole wall dynamics during laser welding”. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 30(5), 1997, pp. 798.
[2] C. Muralidharan, C.S. Ramachandran, R. Varahamoorthy and V.Balasubramanian, “Selection of welding process for hardfacing on carbon steels based on quantitative and qualitative factors”. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 40(9-10), 2009, pp.887-897.
[3] A. Toro, J.C. Gutierrez, L.M. Leon and M. F. Buchely, “The effect of microstructure on abrasive wear of hardfacing alloys”. Wear, 259(1-6), 2005, pp. 52-61.
[4] S. Chatterjee and T.K. Pal, “Wear behaviour of hardfacing deposits on cast iron”. Wear, 255(1-6), 2003, pp. 417-425.
[5] A. L.Gómez, J. J. Coronado and H. F. Caicedo, “The effects of welding processes on abrasive wear resistance for hardfacing deposits”. Tribology International, 42(5), 2009, pp.745-749.
[6] A.N.J. Stevenson and I.M. Hutchings, “Wear of hardfacing white cast irons by solid particle erosion”. Wear, 186, 1995, pp. 150-158.
[7] L. T. Wu and W. Wu, “The wear behavior between hardfacing materials”. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 27(11), 1996, pp. 3639-3648.
[8] A. K. Lakshminarayanan, R. Varahamoorthy, S. Babu and V. Balasubramanian, “Application of response surface methodolody to prediction of dilution in plasma transferred arc hardfacing of stainless steel on carbon steel”. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 16(1), 2009, pp. 44-53.
[9] D.G. Tecco, E.O. Correa, N.G Alcantara and R.V. Kumar, “The relationship between the microstructure and abrasive resistance of a hardfacing alloy in the Fe-Cr-C-Nb-V system”. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 38(8), 2007, pp.1671-1680.
[10] K. Nakata, S. Saji, S. Tomida and T. Kubo, “Formation of metal matrix composite layer on aluminum alloy with TiC-Cu powder by laser surface alloying process”. Surface and Coatings Technology, 142, 2001, pp. 585-589.
[11] A. Olsen and L. Gjønnes, “Laser-modified aluminium surfaces with iron”. Journal of Materials Science, 29(3), 1994, pp.728-735.
[12] K. Nakata and S. Tomida, “Fe–Al composite layers on aluminum alloy formed by laser surface alloying with iron powder”. Surface and Coatings Technology, 174, 2003, pp. 559-563.
[13] A. Coulet, F. Barbier and K. Bouche, “Intermetallic compound layer growth between solid iron and molten aluminium”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 249(1-2), 1998, pp. 167-175.
[14] S. Kobayashi and T. Yakou, “Control of intermetallic compound layers at interface between steel and aluminum by diffusion-treatment”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 338(1-2), 2002, pp.44-53.
[15] S.P. Gupta and T. Maitra, “Intermetallic compound formation in Fe–Al–Si ternary system: Part II”. Materials Characterization, 49(4), 2002, p. 293-311.
[16] D. Wang, W. Gao, Y. He and Z. Zhan, “Low-temperature processing of Fe–Al intermetallic coatings assisted by ball milling”. Intermetallics, 14(1), 2006, pp. 75-81.
[17] S.P. Gupta, “Intermetallic compound formation in Fe–Al–Si ternary system: Part I”. Materials Characterization, 49(4), 2002, pp. 269-291.
[18] C. L. Fan, C. L. Yang, J. L. Song and S.B. Lin, “Effects of Si additions on intermetallic compound layer of aluminum–steel TIG welding–brazing joint”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 488(1), 2009, pp. 217-222.
[19] H. Saka, K. Nunome, K. Kaneko and T. Kato, “Formation of the ζ phase at an interface between an Fe substrate and a molten 0.2 mass% Al–Zn during galvannealing”. Acta materialia, 48(9), 2000, pp. 2257-2262.
[20] K.N. Tandon and X.Y. Li, “Microstructural characterization of mechanically mixed layer and wear debris in sliding wear of an Al alloy and an Al based composite”. Wear, 245(1-2), 2000, pp. 148-161.
[21] C.O.N.G. Wei, P. Z. Zhang, X.D. Gu, X. L. Zhu and Z. J. Yao, “Microstructure and corrosion resistance of Fe-Al intermetallic coating on 45 steel synthesized by double glow plasma surface alloying technology”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 19(1), 2009, pp. 143-148.
[22] W.H. Lee and R.Y. Lin, “Oxidation, sulfidation and hot corrosion of intermetallic compound Fe3Al at 605 oC and 800 oC”. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 58(3), 1999, pp. 231-242.
[23] M.H. Enayati and M. Salehi, “Formation mechanism of Fe3Al and FeAl intermetallic compounds during mechanical alloying”. Journal of Materials Science, 40(15), 2005, pp. 3933-3938.
[24] A. Radhakrishna and R.G. Baligidad, “Effect of alloying additions on structure and mechanical properties of high carbon Fe-16 wt.% Al alloy”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 287(1), 2000, pp. 17-24.
[25] N.S. Stoloff, “Iron aluminides: present status and future prospects”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 258(1-2), 1998, pp. 1-14.
[26] M. Palm, “Concepts derived from phase diagram studies for the strengthening of Fe–Al-based alloys”. Intermetallics, 13(12), 2005, pp. 1286-1295.
[27] I. Ohnuma, K. Ishida, O. Ikeda and R. Kainuma, “Phase equilibria and stability of ordered BCC phases in the Fe-rich portion of the Fe–Al system”. Intermetallics, 9(9), 2001, pp. 755-761.
[28] G. Inden and M. Palm “Experimental determination of phase equilibria in the Fe-Al-C system”. Intermetallics, 3(6), 1995, pp. 443-454.
[29] J. Bruckner, M. Potesser, H. Antrekowitsch, and T. Schoeberl, “The Characterization of the Intermetallic Fe-Al Layer of Steel-Aluminum Weldings”. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society , EPD Congress , 2006, pp. 167- 176.
[30] J.L. Murray, L.H. Bennett, H. Baker and T.B. Massalski, “Binary alloy phase diagrams”. vol. i and ii. American Society for Metals, 1986, pp. 2224.
[31] ASTM E407-07. Standard practice for microetching metals and alloys. 2015.
[32] ASTM Standard E-384. Standard Test Method for Microindentacion Hardness of Materials. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM. 2005.
[33] ASTM, E. Standard test method for measuring abrasion using the dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus. ASTM G65-91, pp.231-243.1991.
[34] M. Kutsuna and M.J. Rathod, “Joining of aluminum alloy 5052 and low-carbon steel by laser roll welding”. Welding Journal-New York, 83(1), 2004, pp. 16-26.
[35] J. Sabbaghzadeh, M.J. Torkamany and S. Tahamtan, “Dissimilar welding of carbon steel to 5754 aluminum alloy by Nd: YAG pulsed laser”. Materials & Design, 31(1), 2010, pp. 458-465.
[36] F.M. Ghaini, J. Sabbaghzadeh, M.J. Hamedi and M.J. Torkamany, “Weld metal microstructural characteristics in pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding. Scripta Materialia, 56(11), 2007, pp. 955-958.
[37] A. Matsunawa and V. Semak, “The simulation of front keyhole wall dynamics during laser welding”. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 30(5), 1997, pp. 798.
เผยแพร่แล้ว
2019-04-03
ฉบับ
ประเภทบทความ
บทความวิจัย (Research article)
