อิทธิพลของการเติมลวดเชื่อมอลูมิเนียมต่อสมบัติทางกล และส่วนผสมทางเคมีของแนวเชื่อมพอกผิวแข็งเหล็กกล้าคาร์บอนต่ำด้วยกระบวนการเชื่อมอาร์คทังสเตนแก๊สคลุม(The Influence of Adding Aluminum Welding Wire on Mechanical Properties and Chemical Composition of the Welding Hardfacing Welded Low Carbon Steel by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process)
Keywords:
Welding Hardfacing , Chemical Composition, Low Carbon Steel, Gas Tungsten Arc WeldingAbstract
This paper aimed at studying the effects of adding aluminum into welding pool of low carbon steel on mechanical properties, microstructure, and chemical composition of the welding hardfacing using gas tungsten arc welding process. In this work, a speed of adding aluminum welding wire was varied from 5-15 m/min. As found from the experimental results, the hardness of the welding hardfacing was highest at 885.87 HV when using the welding wire speed at 15 m/min, and it decreased with reducing the speed of the welding wire. The minimum wear rate of the weld was at 0.123 g/min. when testing at 10 m/min. The investigation of microstructure and chemical composition revealed that the welding sample from the test with welding rate of 15 m/min had a greater contribution of aluminum than iron. The welding had a microstructure of Eutectic FeAl and Lamellar Eutectic FeAl2. The cracks were also found between these structures. However, when the speed of adding welding wire was lowered, the concentration of iron in the welding was higher than aluminum. In this case, a eutectic FeAl with needle-like structure was found, this similarly formed due to a partial eutectic reaction on main structure of FeAl3. In addition, no crack was found when adding aluminum welding wire with a lower speed.
References
[1] H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and S. Atamert, “Comparison of the microstructures and abrasive wear properties of stellite hardfacing alloys deposited by arc welding and laser cladding”, Metallurgical Transactions A, 20(6), 1986, pp.1037-1054.
[2] C. Muralidharan, C.S. Ramachandran, R. Varahamoorthy and V.Balasubramanian, “Selection of welding process for hardfacing on carbon steels based on quantitative and qualitative factors”. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 40(9-10), 2009, pp.887-897.
[3] A. Toro, J.C. Gutierrez, L.M. Leon and M. F. Buchely, “The effect of microstructure on abrasive wear of hardfacing alloys”. Wear, 259(1-6), 2005, pp. 52-61.
[4] S. Chatterjee and T.K. Pal, “Wear behaviour of hardfacing deposits on cast iron”. Wear, 255(1-6), 2003, pp. 417-425.
[5] A. L.Gómez, J. J. Coronado and H. F. Caicedo, “The effects of welding processes on abrasive wear resistance for hardfacing deposits”. Tribology International, 42(5), 2009, pp.745-749.
[6] A.N.J. Stevenson and I.M. Hutchings, “Wear of hardfacing white cast irons by solid particle erosion”. Wear, 186, 1995, pp. 150-158.
[7] L. T. Wu and W. Wu, “The wear behavior between hardfacing materials”. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 27(11), 1996, pp. 3639-3648.
[8] A. K. Lakshminarayanan, R. Varahamoorthy, S. Babu and V. Balasubramanian, “Application of response surface methodolody to prediction of dilution in plasma transferred arc hardfacing of stainless steel on carbon steel”. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 16(1), 2009, pp. 44-53.
[9] D.G. Tecco, E.O. Correa, N.G Alcantara and R.V. Kumar, “The relationship between the microstructure and abrasive resistance of a hardfacing alloy in the Fe-Cr-C-Nb-V system”. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 38(8), 2007, pp.1671-1680.
[10] K. Nakata, S. Saji, S. Tomida and T. Kubo, “Formation of metal matrix composite layer on aluminum alloy with TiC-Cu powder by laser surface alloying process”. Surface and Coatings Technology, 142, 2001, pp. 585-589.
[11] A. Olsen and L. Gjønnes, “Laser-modified aluminium surfaces with iron”. Journal of Materials Science, 29(3), 1994, pp.728-735.
[12] K. Nakata and S. Tomida, “Fe–Al composite layers on aluminum alloy formed by laser surface alloying with iron powder”. Surface and Coatings Technology, 174, 2003, pp. 559-563.
[13] A. Coulet, F. Barbier and K. Bouche, “Intermetallic compound layer growth between solid iron and molten aluminium”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 249(1-2), 1998, pp. 167-175.
[14] S. Kobayashi and T. Yakou, “Control of intermetallic compound layers at interface between steel and aluminum by diffusion-treatment”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 338(1-2), 2002, pp.44-53.
[15] S.P. Gupta and T. Maitra, “Intermetallic compound formation in Fe–Al–Si ternary system: Part II”. Materials Characterization, 49(4), 2002, p. 293-311.
[16] D. Wang, W. Gao, Y. He and Z. Zhan, “Low-temperature processing of Fe–Al intermetallic coatings assisted by ball milling”. Intermetallics, 14(1), 2006, pp. 75-81.
[17] S.P. Gupta, “Intermetallic compound formation in Fe–Al–Si ternary system: Part I”. Materials Characterization, 49(4), 2002, pp. 269-291.
[18] C. L. Fan, C. L. Yang, J. L. Song and S.B. Lin, “Effects of Si additions on intermetallic compound layer of aluminum–steel TIG welding–brazing joint”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 488(1), 2009, pp. 217-222.
[19] H. Saka, K. Nunome, K. Kaneko and T. Kato, “Formation of the ζ phase at an interface between an Fe substrate and a molten 0.2 mass% Al–Zn during galvannealing”. Acta materialia, 48(9), 2000, pp. 2257-2262.
[20] K.N. Tandon and X.Y. Li, “Microstructural characterization of mechanically mixed layer and wear debris in sliding wear of an Al alloy and an Al based composite”. Wear, 245(1-2), 2000, pp. 148-161.
[21] C.O.N.G. Wei, P. Z. Zhang, X.D. Gu, X. L. Zhu and Z. J. Yao, “Microstructure and corrosion resistance of Fe-Al intermetallic coating on 45 steel synthesized by double glow plasma surface alloying technology”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 19(1), 2009, pp. 143-148.
[22] W.H. Lee and R.Y. Lin, “Oxidation, sulfidation and hot corrosion of intermetallic compound Fe3Al at 605 oC and 800 oC”. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 58(3), 1999, pp. 231-242.
[23] M.H. Enayati and M. Salehi, “Formation mechanism of Fe3Al and FeAl intermetallic compounds during mechanical alloying”. Journal of Materials Science, 40(15), 2005, pp. 3933-3938.
[24] A. Radhakrishna and R.G. Baligidad, “Effect of alloying additions on structure and mechanical properties of high carbon Fe-16 wt.% Al alloy”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 287(1), 2000, pp. 17-24.
[25] N.S. Stoloff, “Iron aluminides: present status and future prospects”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 258(1-2), 1998, pp. 1-14.
[26] M. Palm, “Concepts derived from phase diagram studies for the strengthening of Fe–Al-based alloys”. Intermetallics, 13(12), 2005, pp. 1286-1295.
[27] I. Ohnuma, K. Ishida, O. Ikeda and R. Kainuma, “Phase equilibria and stability of ordered BCC phases in the Fe-rich portion of the Fe–Al system”. Intermetallics, 9(9), 2001, pp. 755-761.
[28] G. Inden and M. Palm “Experimental determination of phase equilibria in the Fe-Al-C system”. Intermetallics, 3(6), 1995, pp. 443-454.
[29] J. Bruckner, M. Potesser, H. Antrekowitsch, and T. Schoeberl, “The Characterization of the Intermetallic Fe-Al Layer of Steel-Aluminum Weldings”. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society , EPD Congress , 2006, pp. 167- 176.
[30] J.L. Murray, L.H. Bennett, H. Baker and T.B. Massalski, “Binary alloy phase diagrams”. vol. i and ii. American Society for Metals, 1986, pp. 2224.
[31] ASTM E407-07. Standard practice for microetching metals and alloys. 2015.
[32] ASTM Standard E-384. Standard Test Method for Microindentacion Hardness of Materials. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM. 2005.
[33] ASTM, E. Standard test method for measuring abrasion using the dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus. ASTM G65-91, pp.231-243.1991.
[34] M. Kutsuna and M.J. Rathod, “Joining of aluminum alloy 5052 and low-carbon steel by laser roll welding”. Welding Journal-New York, 83(1), 2004, pp. 16-26.
[35] J. Sabbaghzadeh, M.J. Torkamany and S. Tahamtan, “Dissimilar welding of carbon steel to 5754 aluminum alloy by Nd: YAG pulsed laser”. Materials & Design, 31(1), 2010, pp. 458-465.
[36] F.M. Ghaini, J. Sabbaghzadeh, M.J. Hamedi and M.J. Torkamany, “Weld metal microstructural characteristics in pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding. Scripta Materialia, 56(11), 2007, pp. 955-958.
[37] A. Matsunawa and V. Semak, “The simulation of front keyhole wall dynamics during laser welding”. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 30(5), 1997, pp. 798.
[2] C. Muralidharan, C.S. Ramachandran, R. Varahamoorthy and V.Balasubramanian, “Selection of welding process for hardfacing on carbon steels based on quantitative and qualitative factors”. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 40(9-10), 2009, pp.887-897.
[3] A. Toro, J.C. Gutierrez, L.M. Leon and M. F. Buchely, “The effect of microstructure on abrasive wear of hardfacing alloys”. Wear, 259(1-6), 2005, pp. 52-61.
[4] S. Chatterjee and T.K. Pal, “Wear behaviour of hardfacing deposits on cast iron”. Wear, 255(1-6), 2003, pp. 417-425.
[5] A. L.Gómez, J. J. Coronado and H. F. Caicedo, “The effects of welding processes on abrasive wear resistance for hardfacing deposits”. Tribology International, 42(5), 2009, pp.745-749.
[6] A.N.J. Stevenson and I.M. Hutchings, “Wear of hardfacing white cast irons by solid particle erosion”. Wear, 186, 1995, pp. 150-158.
[7] L. T. Wu and W. Wu, “The wear behavior between hardfacing materials”. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 27(11), 1996, pp. 3639-3648.
[8] A. K. Lakshminarayanan, R. Varahamoorthy, S. Babu and V. Balasubramanian, “Application of response surface methodolody to prediction of dilution in plasma transferred arc hardfacing of stainless steel on carbon steel”. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 16(1), 2009, pp. 44-53.
[9] D.G. Tecco, E.O. Correa, N.G Alcantara and R.V. Kumar, “The relationship between the microstructure and abrasive resistance of a hardfacing alloy in the Fe-Cr-C-Nb-V system”. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 38(8), 2007, pp.1671-1680.
[10] K. Nakata, S. Saji, S. Tomida and T. Kubo, “Formation of metal matrix composite layer on aluminum alloy with TiC-Cu powder by laser surface alloying process”. Surface and Coatings Technology, 142, 2001, pp. 585-589.
[11] A. Olsen and L. Gjønnes, “Laser-modified aluminium surfaces with iron”. Journal of Materials Science, 29(3), 1994, pp.728-735.
[12] K. Nakata and S. Tomida, “Fe–Al composite layers on aluminum alloy formed by laser surface alloying with iron powder”. Surface and Coatings Technology, 174, 2003, pp. 559-563.
[13] A. Coulet, F. Barbier and K. Bouche, “Intermetallic compound layer growth between solid iron and molten aluminium”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 249(1-2), 1998, pp. 167-175.
[14] S. Kobayashi and T. Yakou, “Control of intermetallic compound layers at interface between steel and aluminum by diffusion-treatment”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 338(1-2), 2002, pp.44-53.
[15] S.P. Gupta and T. Maitra, “Intermetallic compound formation in Fe–Al–Si ternary system: Part II”. Materials Characterization, 49(4), 2002, p. 293-311.
[16] D. Wang, W. Gao, Y. He and Z. Zhan, “Low-temperature processing of Fe–Al intermetallic coatings assisted by ball milling”. Intermetallics, 14(1), 2006, pp. 75-81.
[17] S.P. Gupta, “Intermetallic compound formation in Fe–Al–Si ternary system: Part I”. Materials Characterization, 49(4), 2002, pp. 269-291.
[18] C. L. Fan, C. L. Yang, J. L. Song and S.B. Lin, “Effects of Si additions on intermetallic compound layer of aluminum–steel TIG welding–brazing joint”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 488(1), 2009, pp. 217-222.
[19] H. Saka, K. Nunome, K. Kaneko and T. Kato, “Formation of the ζ phase at an interface between an Fe substrate and a molten 0.2 mass% Al–Zn during galvannealing”. Acta materialia, 48(9), 2000, pp. 2257-2262.
[20] K.N. Tandon and X.Y. Li, “Microstructural characterization of mechanically mixed layer and wear debris in sliding wear of an Al alloy and an Al based composite”. Wear, 245(1-2), 2000, pp. 148-161.
[21] C.O.N.G. Wei, P. Z. Zhang, X.D. Gu, X. L. Zhu and Z. J. Yao, “Microstructure and corrosion resistance of Fe-Al intermetallic coating on 45 steel synthesized by double glow plasma surface alloying technology”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 19(1), 2009, pp. 143-148.
[22] W.H. Lee and R.Y. Lin, “Oxidation, sulfidation and hot corrosion of intermetallic compound Fe3Al at 605 oC and 800 oC”. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 58(3), 1999, pp. 231-242.
[23] M.H. Enayati and M. Salehi, “Formation mechanism of Fe3Al and FeAl intermetallic compounds during mechanical alloying”. Journal of Materials Science, 40(15), 2005, pp. 3933-3938.
[24] A. Radhakrishna and R.G. Baligidad, “Effect of alloying additions on structure and mechanical properties of high carbon Fe-16 wt.% Al alloy”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 287(1), 2000, pp. 17-24.
[25] N.S. Stoloff, “Iron aluminides: present status and future prospects”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 258(1-2), 1998, pp. 1-14.
[26] M. Palm, “Concepts derived from phase diagram studies for the strengthening of Fe–Al-based alloys”. Intermetallics, 13(12), 2005, pp. 1286-1295.
[27] I. Ohnuma, K. Ishida, O. Ikeda and R. Kainuma, “Phase equilibria and stability of ordered BCC phases in the Fe-rich portion of the Fe–Al system”. Intermetallics, 9(9), 2001, pp. 755-761.
[28] G. Inden and M. Palm “Experimental determination of phase equilibria in the Fe-Al-C system”. Intermetallics, 3(6), 1995, pp. 443-454.
[29] J. Bruckner, M. Potesser, H. Antrekowitsch, and T. Schoeberl, “The Characterization of the Intermetallic Fe-Al Layer of Steel-Aluminum Weldings”. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society , EPD Congress , 2006, pp. 167- 176.
[30] J.L. Murray, L.H. Bennett, H. Baker and T.B. Massalski, “Binary alloy phase diagrams”. vol. i and ii. American Society for Metals, 1986, pp. 2224.
[31] ASTM E407-07. Standard practice for microetching metals and alloys. 2015.
[32] ASTM Standard E-384. Standard Test Method for Microindentacion Hardness of Materials. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM. 2005.
[33] ASTM, E. Standard test method for measuring abrasion using the dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus. ASTM G65-91, pp.231-243.1991.
[34] M. Kutsuna and M.J. Rathod, “Joining of aluminum alloy 5052 and low-carbon steel by laser roll welding”. Welding Journal-New York, 83(1), 2004, pp. 16-26.
[35] J. Sabbaghzadeh, M.J. Torkamany and S. Tahamtan, “Dissimilar welding of carbon steel to 5754 aluminum alloy by Nd: YAG pulsed laser”. Materials & Design, 31(1), 2010, pp. 458-465.
[36] F.M. Ghaini, J. Sabbaghzadeh, M.J. Hamedi and M.J. Torkamany, “Weld metal microstructural characteristics in pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding. Scripta Materialia, 56(11), 2007, pp. 955-958.
[37] A. Matsunawa and V. Semak, “The simulation of front keyhole wall dynamics during laser welding”. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 30(5), 1997, pp. 798.
Published
2019-04-03
Issue
Section
บทความวิจัย (Research article)
