Water absorption experimental analysis of an orange peel and coconut shell particulate blend reinforcement material for composite fabrication
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The extant literature on composites has downplayed the merits of orange peel particulates (OPPs) and coconut shell particulates (CSPs) as fillers in mixed forms despite their engineering purposes. An OPP-CSP mixture can be used to suppress the weight disadvantage of CSPs, exploit the water resistance advantage of CSP, enhance the mechanical properties and improve the wear resistance of OPPs as a result of the oily secretions of the OPP. Launching a new research direction of mixed filler experiments, this work examines the water absorption properties of mixed OPPs-CSPs of up to 30 cm3 mixtures by volume, according to filler literature norms and previous sensitivity tests. A principal result is that the average free swell of the particulate blend increased up to 164.61%, a value attained with an initial volume of CSPs equal to 10 cm3 in a combined initial volume of 30 cm3. Thus, the mixing ratio is 10 CSPs:20 OPPs (Type I). This free swell value can cause considerable changes to loadings and structures, which is a negative outcome. Sensitivity analysis showed that the higher-OPPs-in-particulate blend produced the most favourable free swell values. In practice, the findings of this study meet the growing needs of the composite industry for materials having unusual combinations of the properties of water-resistance for lightweight applications in tennis rackets, household interior decorations and agricultural silos. This novel contribution pioneers efforts to produce filler blends of particulate orange peels and coconut shells in independently varied proportions rather than being embedded in composites. Sensitivity analysis of the critical process parameters was carried out to understand the degree of responsiveness of model parameters of the blends. This is the first time such information has been reported in the literature.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Heeder N, Yussuf A, Chakraborty I, Godfrin MP, Hurt R, Tripathi A, Bose A, Shukla A. Fixed-angle rotary shear as a new method for tailoring electro-mechanical properties of templated graphene–polymer composites.
Compos Sci Tech. 2014;100:70-5.
Alamri H, Low IM. Mechanical properties and water absorption behaviour of recycled cellulose fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Polymer Test. 2012;31(5):620-8.
Deng H, Reynolds CT, Cabrera NO, Barkoula NM,
Alcock B, Peijs T. The water absorption behaviour of all-poly propylene composites and its effect on mechanical properties. Compos B Eng. 2010;41(4): 268-75.
Rassmann S, Reid RG, Paskaramoorthey R. Effects of processing conditions on the mechanical and water absorption properties of resin transfer moulded kenaf fibre reinforced polyester composite laminates. Compos Appl Sci Manuf. 2010;41(11):1612-19.
Essabir H, Bensalah MO, Rodrigue D, Bouhfid R, Qaiss A. Structural, mechanical and thermal properties of bio-based hybrid composites from waste coir residues: Fibers and shell particles. Mech Mater. 2016;93:134-44.
Harichandran R, Selvakumar N. Effect of nano/micro B4C particles on the mechanical properties of aluminium metal matrix composites fabricated by ultrasonic cavitation-assisted solidification process. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2016;16(1):147-58.
Ajibade OA, Agunsoye JO, Oke SA. Experimentation and prediction of moisture characteristics and density of sweet orange peels used for epoxy-based composite fabrication. Journal of The Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago. 2015;43(2):44-52.
Ajibade OA, Agunsoye JO, Oke SA. A comparative analysis of three optimisation approaches to free swell characterisation of particulate coconut shell reinforcement composite material. Eng J. 2015;19(5):167-87.
Ajibade OA, Agunsoye JO, Oke SA. Analysis of the free-swell behaviour of orange peel particulates as reinforcement for green composite fabrication. Acta Periodica Technologica. 2015;46:131-47.
Alomayri T, Assaedi H, Shaikh FUA, Low IM. Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of cotton fabric-reinforced geopolymer composites. Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. 2014;2(3):223-30
Lee SE, Jeong E, Lee MY, Lee MK, Lee YS. Improvement of the mechanical and thermal properties of polyethersulfone-modified epoxy composites. J Ind Eng Chem. 2016;33:73-9.
Kim MK, Lee B, Koo MY, Ryu HJ, Hong SH. Fabrication of Al2O3/AlN micro-composites designed for tailored physical properties. Mater Des. 2015;86: 1-5.
Hadjadj A, Jbara O, Tara A, Gilliot M, Malek F, Maafi E, Tighzert L. Effects of cellulose fiber content on physical properties of polyurethane based composites. Compos Struct. 2016;135:217-23.
Wenbin L, Jianfeng H, Jie F, Liyun C, Chunyan Y. Mechanical and wet tribological properties of carbon fabric/phenolic composites with different weave filaments counts. Appl Surf Sci. 2015;353:1223-33.
Omrani E, Barari B, Moghadam AD, Rohatgi PK, Pillai KM. Mechanical and tribological properties of self-lubricating bio-based carbon-fabric epoxy composites made using liquid composite molding. Tribol Int. 2015;92:222-32.
Wang R, Wang H, Sun L, Wang E, Zhu Y, Zhu Y. The fabrication and tribological behavior of epoxy composites modified by the three-dimensional polyurethane sponge reinforced with dopamine functionalized carbon nanotubes. Appl Surf Sci. 2016;360(Part A):37-44.
Hoto R, Furundarena G, Torres JP, Muñoz E, Andrés J, García JA. Flexural behavior and water absorption of asymmetrical sandwich composites from natural fibers and cork agglomerate core. Mater Lett. 2014;127:48-52.
Singh P, Borkar H, Singh BP, Singh VN, Kumar A. Electro-mechanical properties of free standing micro- and nano-scale polymer-ceramic composites for energy density capacitors. J Alloy Comp. 2015;648:698-705.
Catalanotti G, Katunin A. Modelling the electro-mechanical properties of PPy/epoxy conductive composites. Comput Mater Sci. 2016;113:88-97.
Wan M, Yadav RR, Singh D, Panday MS, Rajendran V. Temperature dependent ultrasonic and thermo-physical properties of polyaniline nanofibers reinforced epoxy composites. Compos B Eng. 2016;87:40-6.
Sprute T, Tillmann W, Grisales D, Selvadurai U, Fischer G. Influence of substrate pre-treatments on residual stresses and tribo-mechanical properties of TiAlN-based PVD coatings. Surf Coating Tech. 2014;260:369-79.
Wang J, Chen b, Liu N, Han G, Yan F. Combined effects of fibre/matrix interface and water absorption on the tribological behaviours of water-lubricated polytetrafluoro ethylene based composites reinforced with carbon and basalt fibers. Compos Appl Sci Manuf. 2014;59:85-92.
Ghosh R, Ramakrishna A, Reena G, Ravindra A, Verima A. Water absorption kinetics and mechanical properties of ultrasonic treated banana fiber reinforced-vinylester composites. Procedia Materials Science. 2014;5:311-5.
Benyahia F, Bevanani MF, Albedah A, Bouiadjra BB, Acheur T. Effect of water absorption on the adhesive damage in bonded composite repair of aircraft structures. Mater Des. 2014;57:435-441.
Kakroodi AR, Kazemi Y, Rodrigue D. Mechanical, rheological, morphological and water absorption properties of maleated polyethylene/hemp composites: Effect of grand tire robber addition. Compos B Eng. 2013;51:337-44.
Hosseinaei O, Wang S, Taylor Am, Kim J. Effect of hemicelluloses extraction on water absorption and mold susceptibility of wood-plastic composites. Int Biodeter Biodegr. 2012;71:29-35.
Lu Y, Xue L. Electromagnetic interference shielding mechanical properties and water absorption of copper/bamboo fabric (Cu/Bf) composites. Compos Sci Tech. 2012;72(7):828-34.
Tamrakar S, Lopez-Anido RA. Water absorption of wood polypropylene composite sheet piles and its influence of mechanical properties. Construct Build Mater. 2011;25(10):3977-88.
Venkateswaran N, ElayaPerumal A, Alavudeen A, Thirochitrambalam M. Mechanical and water absorption behaviour of banana/sisal reinforced hybrid composites. Mater Des. 2011;32(7):4017-21.
Visco AM, Campo N, Cianciafara P. Comparison of seawater absorption properties of thermoeset resins based composites. Compos Appl Sci Manuf. 2011;42(2):123-30.
Wang H, Sheng KC, Lan T, Adl M, Qian XQ, Zhu SM. Role of surface treatment on water absorption of poly (viaylchloride) composite reinforced by Phyllostachys pubescens particles. Compos Sci Tech. 2010;70(5):847-53.
Wang J, Li K, He H, Wang J, Sun G. Kinetic and thermodynamics analysis of water absorption in unidirectional fiber reinforced composites by polyesthersulphone and polyphenylence sulfide. Colloid Surface Physicochem Eng Aspect. 2011;377(1-3):330-5.
Sarki J, Hassan SB, Aigbodion VS, Oghenevweta JE. Potential of using coconut shell particle fillers in eco-composite materials. J Alloy Comp. 2011;509(5) :2381-5.
Kumar SMS, Duraibabu D, Subramanian K. Studies on mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of untreated (raw) and treated coconut sheath fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Mater Des. 2014;59:63-9.
Ali M, Chouw N. Experimental investigations on coconut fibre rope tensile strength and pull-out from coconut fibre reinforced concrete. Construct Build Mater. 2013;41:681-90.
Aigbodion VS, Atunaya CU, Igogori EA, Ihom P. Development of high-density polyethylene/orange peels particulate bio-composite. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2013;26(1):107-17.
Hassan MM, Mueller M, Tarfakowska DJ, Wagner MH. Role of compatibilizers on the physico-mechanical performance of tea dust polypropylene composites. J Appl Polymer Sci. 2012;125(S2):E413-E20.