Effects of spray drying chicken feather keratin with Arabic gum encapsulation for nutrient supplementation
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Abstract
Keratin has always been a topic of interest as a novel protein source in human nutrition, consistent with waste-to-wealth initiatives. Hydrolyzed chicken feather keratin is spray-dried to facilitate storage, transportation, and development into dietary supplements. High-heat drying, however, may affect the quality and function of this bioactive compound. The objective of this research is, thus, to determine the suitable spray-drying parameters involving inlet temperature (70 – 190 °C), feed flow rate (3 – 9 ml/min), and concentration of Arabic gum (AG) (0 – 5%w/v) for the encapsulation of hydrolyzed chicken feather keratin as a nutrient supplement. The effects of the spray-drying on powder yield, moisture content, flowability, and total protein content were investigated. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) determined the presence of functional groups, while Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) investigated the powder morphology. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was also conducted to obtain amino acid profiling of the powder. Then, capsule quality control tests were done to ensure compliance with industrial standards. Good powder quality was obtained from the parameters of inlet temperature 190 ± 5°C, feed flow rate of 3 ml/min and AG concentration of 2.50% since it showed high yield of 81.88%, moisture content of 3.74% (<5%), flowability with AOR 43.70° (<50°), high (minimal lost) total protein content of 0.7168 g protein/g solid. The keratin functional groups remain distinguishable through FTIR with AG encapsulation. SEM showed spherical and intact structures, which suggests high integrity of encapsulating materials. Amino acid profiling confirmed the presence of essential and non-essential amino acids, which are important as building blocks of proteins in the body. The product met all capsule quality control standards according to National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency of Malaysia (NPRA) and United States Pharmacopeia (USP). This result showed that spray-drying hydrolyzed keratin in the presence of AG would retain its function and powder quality.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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