The estimation and optimization of socio-economy-environment response on West Timor’s staple food consumptive water use
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Crop consumptive water use (CWU) is a key factor in sustainable agricultural water management. However, there has been rare discussion on the broader factors affecting CWU particularly in semi-arid region. The aim of this paper was to determine the West Timor main food consumptive water use (CWUFood), to model and to optimize the effect of socio-economy-environment on CWU and food production. This study applied a sixteen-year balanced climate and non-climate panel data. The estimated method is based on crop evapotranspiration by FAO-PM method. The modeling and optimization using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that West Timor traditional subsistence agriculture experienced fluctuation and increasing water consumed by main food during 2000 – 2015 that averaging reached 572 Mm3/year in which corn had consumed total water much higher than paddy. Model evaluation proved that a reduced quadratic model was robust. The amount of rainfall, farmer expenditure, district and part of their interactions had significant responses towards CWUFood and Food Production. In addition, the optimized result showed that by 25% reduction of CWUFood impacted on 33.18% reduction of maximum food production that equivalently with 111.22% increased from mean food production.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Li R, Chai S, Chai Y, Li Y, Lan X, Ma J, et al. Mulching optimizes water consumption characteristics and improves crop water productivity on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China 2021. Agric Water Manag. 2021;254:106965.
Blaney HF, Criddle WD. Determining water requirements for settling water disputes. Nat Resour J. 1964;4(1):29-41
Arayaa A, Prasada PVV, Gowdab PH, Afewerkc A, Abadid B, Foster AJ. Modeling irrigation and nitrogen management of wheat in Northern Ethiopia. Agric Water Manag. 2019;216:264-72.
Usman M, Liedl R, Awan UK. Spatio-temporal estimation of consumptive water use for assessment of irrigation system performance and management of water resources in irrigated Indus Basin, Pakistan. J Hydrol. 2015;525:26-41.
Sharma B, Molden D, Cook S. Water use efficiency in agriculture: Measurement, current situation and trends. In: Drechsel P, Heffer P, Magen H, Mikkelsen R, Wichelns D, editors. Managing water and fertilizer for sustainable agricultural intensification. Paris: International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), International Water Management Institute (IWMI), International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), and International Potash Institute (IPI); 2015. p. 39-64.
Laniak GF, Olchin G, Goodall J, Voinov A, Hill M, Glynn P, et al. Integrated environmental modeling: a vision and roadmap for the future. Environ Model Softw. 2013;39:3-23.
Myers RH, Montgomery DC, Anderson-Cook CM. Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. 3rd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2009.
Kostić S, Stojković M, Prohaska S, Vasović N. Modeling of river flow rate as a function of rainfall and temperature using response surface methodology based on historical time series. J Hydroinform. 2016;18(4):651- 65.
Graveline N. Economic calibrated models for water allocation in agricultural production: a review. Environ Model Softw. 2016;81:12-25.
Molyneux N, da Cruz GR, Williams RL, Andersen R, Turner NC. Climate change and population growth in Timor Leste: implications for food security. Ambio. 2012;41(8):823-40.
Piggin C. The role of Leucaena in swidden cropping and livestock production in Nusa Tenggara Timur province, Indonesia. In: da Costa H, Piggin C, da Cruz CJ, Fox JJ, editors. Agriculture: New Directions for a New Nation-East Timor (Timor-Leste). Canberra; ACIAR Proceedings; 2003. p. 115-129.
WFP (World Food Programme). Food security and vulnerability Atlas/FSVA East Nusa Tenggara province 2015. Kupang: United Nations-World Food Programme (UN-WFP); 2015.
Wikimedia. Map of West Timor-Districts and sub-districts [Internet]. 2023 [cited Feb 10]. Available from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/comm ons/0/0b/Peta_Timor_Barat_-_Kabupaten _dan_Kecamatan.png. (In Indonesian)
BPS (Statistical Bureau of NTT Province). NTT in figures years 2000-2015. Kupang: Statistical Bureau of NTT Province (BPS); 2016. (In Indonesian)
Bambang T. Applied hydrology technique. Yogyakarta: Beta Offset; 2010. (In Indonesian)
Ahmad NH, Deni SM. Homogeneity test on daily rainfall series for Malaysia. Matematika. 2013;29(1C):141-50.
Runtunuwu E, Syahbuddin H, Ramadhani F, Apriyana Y, Sari K, Nugroho WT. Review of food crop planting time in Eastern Indonesia. Pangan. 2013;22(1):1-10. (In Indonesian)
Directorate General of Water Resources. Irrigation planning standards: planning criteria section: planning irrigation network KP-01. Jakarta: Ministry of Public Works; 2013. (In Indonesian)
Alauddin M, Sharma BR. Inter-district rice water productivity differences in Bangladesh: an empirical exploration and implications. Ecol Econ. 2013;93:210-8.
Koehuan JE, Suharto B, Djoyowasito G, Wignyanto. Rice water total factor productivity growth of West Timor region, Indonesia 2000-2015: a novel parametric approach. AES Bioflux. 2020;12(2):110-22.
Koehuan JE, Suharto B, Djoyowasito G, Susanawati LD. Water total factor productivity growth of rice and corn crops using data envelopment analysis-malmquist index (West Timor, Indonesia). AgricEngInt: CIGR Journal. 2020;22(4):20-30.
Raes D. The ETo calculator; evapotranspiration from a reference surface; reference manual version 3.2. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Land and Water Division; 2012.
Yan N, Wu B, Perry C, Zeng H. Assessing potential water savings in agriculture on the Hai Basin plain, China. Agric Water Manag. 2015;154:11-9.
BPS (Statistical Bureau of NTT Province). Census of agriculture 2013: Nusa Tenggara Timur figures of paddy cultivation household, result of ST2013-subsector survey. Indonesia: Statistical Bureau of NTT Province (BPS); 2014. (In Indonesian)
BPS (Statistical Bureau of NTT Province). Census of agriculture 2013: Nusa Tenggara Timur figures of secondary food crops household, result of ST2013-subsector survey. Indonesia: Statistical Bureau of NTT Province (BPS); 2014. (In Indonesian)
Amarasinghe UA, Shah T, Singh OP. Changing consumption patterns: implications on food and water demand in India. Colombo: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); 2007. IWMI Research Report 119.
Amarasinghe UA, Sharma BR, Muthuwatta L, Khan ZH. Water for food in Bangladesh: outlook to 2030. Colombo: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); 2014. IWMI Research Report 158.
Rai A, Mohanty B, Bhargava R. Supercritical extraction of sunflower oil: a central composite design for extraction variables. Food Chem. 2016;192:647-59.
Faleiro RMR, Velloso CM, de Castro LFA, Sampaio RS. Statistical modeling of charcoal consumption of blast furnaces based on historical data. J Mater Res Technol. 2013;2(4):303-7.
Banerjee P, Karri RR, Mukhopadhyay A, Das P. Review of soft computing techniques for modeling, design, and prediction of wastewater removal performance. In: Karri RR, Ravindran G, Dehghani MH, editors. Soft computing techniques in solid waste and wastewater management. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2021. p. 55-73.
Chan KS, Greaves SJ, Rahardja S. Techniques for addressing saddle points in the response surface methodology (RSM). IEEE Access. 2019;7:85613-21.
Rittenberg L, Tregarthen T. Principles of economics. Boston: Flat World Knowledge; 2011.
Ding Y, Tang D, Dai H, Wei H. Human-water harmony index: a new approach to assess the human water relationship. Water Resour Manage. 2014;28:1061-77.
Goethals PL, Cho BR. Extending the desirability function to account for variability measures in univariate and multivariate response experiments. Comput Ind Eng. 2012;62(2):457-68.
Rosegrant MW, Ringler C, Zhu T. Water for agriculture: maintaining food security under growing scarcity. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 2009;34:205-12.
Chang HS, Zepeda L. Agricultural productivity for sustainable food security in Asia and the Pacific: the role of investment. In: Zepeda L, editor. Agricultural investment and productivity in developing countries. Rome: FAO Department of Social Development Department; 2001. p. 75-92.
Tsinigo E, Behrman JR. Technological priorities in rice production among smallholder farmers in Ghana. NJAS - Wagening J Life Sci. 2017;83:47-56.