Optimization process for enhancing the recovery of ammonium and phosphate from wastewater by modified rice husk biochar
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to optimize the recovery of ammonium and phosphate from wastewater using Mg-modified biochar as an adsorbent. Given the situation of domestic wastewater and agricultural waste in Vietnam, the researchers fabricated biochar from rice husk and modified it with magnesium salt to make it an effective material for wastewater treatment. To determine the optimal conditions for the experiments, the response surface methodology was used, specifically the central composite design (CCD) model with four factors, namely biochar dosage (g/L), pH, N:P ratio, and initial concentrations of NH4+ and PO43-. The material was thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to ensure that it met the desired specifications. Based on the experimental design, the optimal conditions were determined to be a biochar dosage of 0.12 g/L, an N:P ratio of 1.25, an initial concentration of 60 mg/L, and a pH of 6. Tests conducted in synthetic wastewater produced results that were in agreement with the predicted values. However, when the optimized values were tested in domestic wastewater, only phosphate removal showed good agreement with an efficiency of 93% compared to the predicted optimization value of 88%. This study demonstrates the potential of Mg-modified biochar as an effective adsorbent for recovering ammonium and phosphate from wastewater. Although further optimization may be required for ammonium removal in domestic wastewater, the results are promising and warrant further investigation.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Balat M, Ayar G. Biomass energy in the world, use of biomass and potential trends. Energy Sources. 2005;27(10):931-40.
Canavarro V, Alves JL, Rangel B. Coffee powder reused as a composite material. In: Silva L, editor. Materials Design and Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. p. 113-23.
Nguyen HTQ, Le TK, Nguyen KM. Agricultural residues biomass potential and applying efficiency for household scale biochar production in Go Cong Tay, Tien Giang province. Science & Technology Development Journal - Science of The Earth & Environment. 2017;1(M1):68-78.
Romic M, Romic D. Heavy metals distribution in agricultural topsoils in urban area. Env Geol. 2003;43(7):795-805.
Jaramillo MF, Restrepo I. Wastewater reuse in agriculture: A review about its limitations and benefits. Sustainability. 2017;9(10):1734.
Nguyen TT, Nguyen HN, Nguyen TQA, Phan PT, Nguyen NH. Emission and management for rice husk ash in An Giang Province, Viet Nam. J Viet Env. 2019;11(1):21-6.
Yu-Fong H, Shang-Lien L. 19 - Utilization of rice hull and straw. In: Bao J, editor. Rice Chemistry and Technology. 4th ed. Cambridge: Elsevier; 2019. p. 627-61.
Yin Q, Zhang B, Wang R, Zhao Z. Biochar as an adsorbent for inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus removal from water: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2017;24(34):26297-309.
Rufí-Salís M, Calvo MJ, Petit-Boix A, Villalba G, Gabarrell X. Exploring nutrient recovery from hydroponics in urban agriculture: an environmental assessment. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2020;155:104683.
Sun D, Hale L, Kar G, Soolanayakanahally R, Adl S. Phosphorus recovery and reuse by pyrolysis: applications for agriculture and environment. Chemosphere. 2018;194:682-91.
Deem LM, Crow SE. Biochar. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2017.
Rawat J, Saxena J, Sanwal P. Biochar: a sustainable approach for improving plant growth and soil properties. In: Abrol V, Sharma P, editors. Biochar-an imperative amendment for soil and the environment. London: IntechOpen; 2019. p. 1-17.
Le VG, Vo DVN, Nguyen NH, Shih YJ, Vu CT, Liao CH, et al. Struvite recovery from swine wastewater using fluidized-bed homogeneous granulation process. J Environ Chem Eng. 2021;9(3):105019.
Le VG, Vo DVN, Vu CT, Bui XT, Shih YJ, Huang YH. Applying a novel sequential double-column fluidized bed crystallization process to the recovery of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from swine wastewater. ACS EST Water. 2021;1(3):707-18.
McCarty PL, Bae J, Kim J. Domestic wastewater treatment as a net energy producer–can this be achieved?. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45:7100-6.
Vazquez-Montiel O, Horan NJ, Mara DD. Management of domestic wastewater for reuse in irrigation. Water Sci Technol. 1996;33(10-11):355-62.
Vu CT, Wu T. Magnetic porous NiLa-Layered double oxides (LDOs) with improved phosphate adsorption and antibacterial activity for treatment of secondary effluent. Water Res. 2020;175:115679.
Li R, Wang JJ, Zhou B, Zhang Z, Liu S, Lei S, et al. Simultaneous capture removal of phosphate, ammonium and organic substances by MgO impregnated biochar and its potential use in swine wastewater treatment. J Clean Prod. 2017;147:96-107.
Xu K, Lin F, Dou X, Zheng M, Tan W, Wang C. Recovery of ammonium and phosphate from urine as value-added fertilizer using wood waste biochar loaded with magnesium oxides. J Clean Prod. 2018;187:205-14.
Le VG, Vu CT, Shih YJ, Bui XT, Liao CH, Huang YH. Phosphorus and potassium recovery from human urine using a fluidized bed homogeneous crystallization (FBHC) process. Chem Eng J. 2020;384:123282.
Vu CT, Wu T. Engineered multifunctional sand for enhanced removal of stormwater runoff contaminants in fixed-bed column systems. Chemosphere. 2019;224:852-61.
Le VG, Vu CT, Shih YJ, Huang YH. Highly efficient recovery of ruthenium from integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing wastewater by Al reduction and cementation. RSC Adv. 2019;9:25303-8.
Phan PT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen NH, Padungthon S. Triamine-bearing activated rice husk ash as an advanced functional material for nitrate removal from aqueous solution. Water Sci Technol. 2019;79(5):850-6.
Phan PT, Nguyen TA, Nguyen NH, Nguyen TT. Modelling approach to nitrate adsorption on triamine-bearing activated rice husk ash. Eng Appl Sci Res 2020;47(2):190-7.
Oldfield TL, Sikirica N, Mondini C, López G, Kuikman PJ, Holden NM. Biochar, compost and biochar-compost blend as options to recover nutrients and sequester carbon. J Environ Manage. 2018;218:465-76.
Yang H, Ye S, Zeng Z, Zeng G, Tan X, Xiao R, et al. Utilization of biochar for resource recovery from water: a review. Chem Eng J. 2020;397:125502.
Thuy NT, Van TDL, Hoan NX, Son LTB, Mai TTN, Thanh DV, et al. Study on the removal of ammonia in wastewater using adsorbent prepared from rice hull with magnesium oxide modification. Viet J Sci Technol. 2020;58(3A):113-23.
Di Capua F, de Sario S, Ferraro A, Petrella A, Race M, Pirozzi F, et al. Phosphorous removal and recovery from urban wastewater: current practices and new directions. Sci Total Environ. 2022;823:153750.
Shakoor MB, Ye ZL, Chen S. Engineered biochars for recovering phosphate and ammonium from wastewater: a review. Sci Total Environ. 2021;779:146240.
Houlton BZ, Almaraz M, Aneja V, Austin AT, Bai E, Cassman KG, et al. A world of co-benefits: Solving the global nitrogen challenge. Earths Future. 2019;7(8):865-72.
Ashenafi N, Mezgebe AG, Leka E. Optimization of amount of spices, roasting temperature and time for field pea (PisumSativum) Shiro flour using response surface methodology. Appl Food Res. 2023;3(1):100257.
Moradi M, Fazlzadehdavil M, Pirsaheb M, Mansouri Y, Khosravi T, Sharafi K. Response surface methodology (RSM) and its application for optimization of ammonium ions removal from aqueous solutions by pumice as a natural and low cost adsorbent. Arch Environ Prot. 2016;42(2):33-43.
Bezerra MA, Santelli RE, Oliveira EP, Villar LS, Escaleira LA. Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta. 2008;76(5):965-77.
Bae IK, Ham HM, Jeong MH, Kim DH, Kim HJ. Simultaneous determination of 15 phenolic compounds and caffeine in teas and mate using RP-HPLC/UV detection: method development and optimization of extraction process. Food Chem. 2015;172:469-75.
Manojkumar N, Muthukumaran C, Sharmila G. A comprehensive review on the application of response surface methodology for optimization of biodiesel production using different oil sources. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci. 2022;34(3):198-208.
Sirichan T, Kijpatanasilp I, Asadatorn N, Assatarakul K. Optimization of ultrasound extraction of functional compound from makiang seed by response surface methodology and antimicrobial activity of optimized extract with its application in orange juice. Ultrason Sonochem. 2022;83:105916.
Yang Y, Li X, Gu Y, Lin H, Jie B, Zhang Q, et al. Adsorption property of fluoride in water by metal organic framework: optimization of the process by response surface methodology technique. Surf Interfaces. 2022;28:101649.
Nguyen VT, Vo TD, Nguyen TB, Dat ND, Huu BT, Nguyen XC, et al. Adsorption of norfloxacin from aqueous solution on biochar derived from spent coffee ground: master variables and response surface method optimized adsorption process. Chemosphere. 2022;288(P2):132577.
Jiang C, Yue F, Li C, Zhou S, Zheng L. Polyethyleneimine-modified lobster shell biochar for the efficient removal of copper ions in aqueous solution: response surface method optimization and adsorption mechanism. J Environ Chem Eng. 2022;10(6):108996.
Visser W, Hoc JM. Chapter 3.3 - Expert software design strategies. In: Hoc JM, Green TRG, Samurcay R, Gilmore DJ, editors. Psychology of programming. London: Elsevier; 1990. p. 235-49.
Alben KT. Books and Software: Design, analyze, and optimize with Design-Expert. Anal Chem. 2002;74(7):222-3.
Pham H. Springer handbook of engineering statistics. Germany: Springer; 2006.
Rozainee M, Ngo SP, Salema A, Tan KG, Ariffin M, Zainura Z. Effect of fluidising velocity on the combustion of rice husk in a bench-scale fluidised bed combustor for the production of amorphous rice husk ash. Bioresour Technol. 2008;99(4):703-13.
Tran VS, Ngo HH, Guo W, Zhang J, Liang S, Ton-That C, et al. Typical low cost biosorbents for adsorptive removal of specific organic pollutants from water. Bioresour Technol. 2015;182:353-63.
Luo D, Wang L, Nan H, Cao Y, Wang H, Kumar TV, et al. Phosphorus adsorption by functionalized biochar: a review. Environ Chem Lett. 2023;21:497-524.
Zhang M, Song G, Gelardi DL, Huang L, Khan E, Masek O, et al. Evaluating biochar and its modifications for the removal of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate in water. Water Res. 2020;186:116303.
Lehmann J, Joseph S. Biochar for Environmental Management. London: Earthscan; 2015.
Spokas KA. Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios. Carbon Manag. 2010;1(2):289-303.
Cross A, Sohi SP. A method for screening the relative long-term stability of biochar. GCB Bioenergy. 2013;5(2):215-20.
Wang S, Wang Q, Hu Y, Xu S, He Z, Ji H. Study on the synergistic co-pyrolysis behaviors of mixed rice husk and two types of seaweed by a combined TG-FTIR technique. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2015;114:109-18.
Chen D, Zhou J, Zhang Q. Effects of torrefaction on the pyrolysis behavior and bio-oil properties of rice husk by using TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS. Energy Fuels. 2014;28(9):5857-63.
Yin Q, Si L, Wang R, Zhao Z, Li H, Wen Z. DFT study on the effect of functional groups of carbonaceous surface on ammonium adsorption from water. Chemosphere. 2022;287(P3):132294.
Liu P, Zhang A, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liu X, Yang L, et al. Adsorption mechanism of high-concentration ammonium by chinese natural zeolite with experimental optimization and theoretical computation. Water 2022;14(15):2413.
Del Nero M, Galindo C, Barillon R, Halter E, Made B. Surface reactivity of alpha-Al2O3 and mechanisms of phosphate sorption: In situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and zeta potential studies. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010;342(2):437-44.
Li R, Wang JJ, Zhou B, Awasthi MK, Ali A, Zhang Z, et al. Enhancing phosphate adsorption by Mg/Al layered double hydroxide functionalized biochar with different Mg/Al ratios. Sci Total Environ. 2016;559:121-9.
He Q, Li X, Ren Y. Analysis of the simultaneous adsorption mechanism of ammonium and phosphate on magnesium-modified biochar and the slow release effect of fertiliser. Biochar. 2022;4:1-16.
Hou L, Liang Q, Wang F. Mechanisms that control the adsorption-desorption behavior of phosphate on magnetite nanoparticles: the role of particle size and surface chemistry characteristics. RSC Adv. 2020;10:2378-88.
Wang Z, Shen D, Shen F, Li T. Phosphate adsorption on lanthanum loaded biochar. Chemosphere. 2016;150:1-7.
Li J, Li B, Huang H, Zhao N, Zhang M, Cao L. Investigation into lanthanum-coated biochar obtained from urban dewatered sewage sludge for enhanced phosphate adsorption. Sci Total Environ. 2020;714:136839.
Cui Q, Xu J, Wang W, Tan L, Cui Y, Wang T, et al. Phosphorus recovery by core-shell gamma-Al2O3/Fe3O4 biochar composite from aqueous phosphate solutions. Sci Total Environ. 2020;729:138892.
Yin Q, Liu M, Ren H. Removal of ammonium and phosphate from water by Mg-modified biochar: Influence of Mg pretreatment and pyrolysis temperature. BioRes. 2019;14(3):6203-18.
Hu X, Zhang X, Ngo HH, Guo W, Wen H, Li C, et al. Comparison study on the ammonium adsorption of the biochars derived from different kinds of fruit peel. Sci Total Environ. 2020;707:135544.
Xu K, Zhang C, Dou X, Ma W, Wang C. Optimizing the modification of wood waste biochar via metal oxides to remove and recover phosphate from human urine. Environ Geochem Health. 2019;41(4):1767-76.
Cheng N, Wang B, Feng Q, Zhang X, Chen M. Co-adsorption performance and mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus onto eupatorium adenophorum biochar in water. Bioresour Technol. 2021;340:125696.
Liu H, Dong Y, Wang H, Liu Y. Ammonium adsorption from aqueous solutions by strawberry leaf powder: Equilibrium, kinetics and effects of coexisting ions. Desalination. 2010;263(1-3):70-5.