Development of mathematical models for engine performance and emissions of the producer gas-diesel dual fuel mode using Response Surface Methodology
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Gasification is a renewable technology used to convert agro-waste to combustible gas, called producer gas. The gas can partially replace diesel fuel, thereby increasing agro-waste exploitation and reducing fossil fuel demand. Many previous studies have focused on technical feasibility and improvement of engine performance and combustion characteristics using the approach of one factor at a time. This study developed the mathematical models of engine performance (i.e., specific diesel consumption (SDC), specific energy consumption (SEC), electricity-thermal efficiency (ETE)) and flue gas emissions for a dual producer gas-diesel engine using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Three explanatory variables were considered, including diesel injection time (DIT), gas flow rate (Gas), and engine load (Load). The findings highlighted that all the developed models are significant, and only less than 0.05% that the models could occur due to noise. Gas is the most influential attribute of all the response variables, and the engine load was statistically significant for all the response variables (except the specific nitrogen oxide emission). The DIT factor affected the specific carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions only. The interaction effects of Gas and Load on the SEC and specific carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions were negatively significant. The interaction effect of Gas and DIT statistically influenced the specific hydrocarbon emission. The findings are informative for future studies of life cycle assessment, decision-making process, net energy analysis of biomass-based producer gas production, etc.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Martínez JD, Mahkamov K, Andrade RV, Silva Lora EE. Syngas production in downdraft biomass gasifiers and its application using internal combustion engines. Renew Energ. 2012;38(1):1-9.
Yaliwal VS, Banapurmath NR, Gireesh NM, Tewari PG. Production and utilization of renewable and sustainable gaseous fuel for power generation applications: A review of literature. Renew Sustain Energ Rev. 2014;34:608-27.
Balu E, Chung JN. Bioresource Technology System characteristics and performance evaluation of a trailer-scale downdraft gasifier with different feedstock. Bioresour Technol. 2012;108:264-73.
Erlich C, Fransson TH. Downdraft gasification of pellets made of wood, palm-oil residues respective bagasse: Experimental study. Appl Energ. 2011;88(3):899-908.
Tinaut FV, Melgar A, Pérez JF, Horrillo A. Effect of biomass particle size and air superficial velocity on the gasification process in a downdraft fixed bed gasifier. An experimental and modelling study. Fuel Process Tech. 2008;89:1076-89.
Jaojaruek K, Jarungthammachote S, Gratuito MKB, Wongsuwan H, Homhual S. Experimental study of wood downdraft gasification for an improved producer gas quality through an innovative two-stage air and premixed air / gas supply approach. Bioresour Technol. 2011;102:4834-40.
Makwana JP, Pandey J, Mishra G. Improving the properties of producer gas using high temperature gasification of rice husk in a pilot scale fluidized bed gasifier (FBG). Renew Energ. 2019;130:943-51.
Jain AK, Goss JR. Determination of reactor scaling factors for throatless rice husk gasifier. Biomass Bioenergy. 2000;18:249-56.
Singh RN, Jena U, Patel JB, Sharma AM. Feasibility study of cashew nut shells as an open core gasifier feedstock. Renew Energ. 2006;31(4):481-7.
Vyas DK, Singh RN. Feasibility study of Jatropha seed husk as an open core gasifier feedstock. Renew Energ. 2007;32(3):512-7.
Patel B, Gami B, Bhimani H. Improved fuel characteristics of cotton stalk, prosopis and sugarcane bagasse through torrefaction. Energy Sustain Dev. 2011;15(4):372-5.
Rith M, Buenconsejo B, Biona JBM. Design and fabrication of a downdraft gasifier coupled with a small-scale diesel engine. Eng Appl Sci Res. 2020;47(1):117-28.
Reed TB, Das A. Handbook of Biomass Downdraft Gasifier Engine Systems. Washington: Government Printing Office; 1988.
Hasler P, Nussbaumer T. Gas cleaning for IC engine applications from fixed bed biomass gasification. Biomass Bioenergy. 1999;16:385-95.
Banapurmath NR, Tewari PG. Comparative performance studies of a 4-stroke CI engine operated on dual fuel mode with producer gas and Honge oil and its methyl ester (HOME) with and without carburetor. Renew Energ. 2009;34(4):1009-15.
Sutheerasak E, Pirompugd W, Sanitjai S. Performance and emissions characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine from compressing producer gas in a dual fuel mode. Eng Appl Sci Res. 2018;45(1):47-55.
Raheman H, Padhee D. Combustion characteristics of diesel engine using producer gas and blends of jatropha methyl ester with diesel in mixed fuel mode. Int J Renew Energ Dev. 2014;3(3):228-35.
Rith M. Combustion effect of jatropha producer gas fumigation in a stationary diesel genset [MSc. Thesis]. Mechanical Engineering Department, De La Salle University; 2015. Available from: https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etd_masteral/4962/
Rith M, Buenconsejo B, Gonzaga JA, Gitano-Briggs HW, Lopez NS, Biona JBM. The combustion and emission characteristics of the diesel engine operated on a dual producer gas-diesel fuel mode. Eng Appl Sci Res. 2019;46(4):360-70.
Sutheerasak E, Pirompugd W, Sanitjai S. Investigation of supercharging producer gas in dual fuel mode on the performance and emissions of a diesel-engine generator. Int J Mater Mech Manuf. 2018;6(6):402-6.
Maiti S, Bapat P, Das P, Ghosh PK. Feasibility study of jatropha shell gasification for captive power generation in biodiesel production process from whole dry fruits. Fuel. 2014;121:126-32.
Nadaleti WC, Przybyla G. SI engine assessment using biogas , natural gas and syngas with different content of hydrogen for application in Brazilian rice industries: Efficiency and pollutant emissions. Int J Hydrogen Energ. 2018;43(21):10141-54.
Arroyo J, Moreno F, Muñoz M, Monné C, Bernal N, Combustion behavior of a spark ignition engine fueled with synthetic gases derived from biogas. Fuel. 2014;117:50-8.
Arroyo J, Moreno F, Munoz M, Monne C. Efficiency and emissions of a spark ignition engine fueled with synthetic gases obtained from catalytic decomposition of biogas. Int J Hydrogen Energ. 2013;38:3784-92.
Homdoung N, Tippayawong N, Dussadee N. Prediction of small spark ignited engine performance using producer gas as fuel. Case Stud Therm Eng. 2015;5:98-103.
Sutheerasak E, Pirompugd W, Ruengphrathuengsuka W, Sanitjai S. Comparative investigation of using DEB oil and supercharging syngas and DEB oil as a dual fuel in a DI diesel engine. Eng Appl Sci Res. 2019;46(1):26-36.
Sombatwong P, Thaiyasuit P, Pianthong K. Effect of pilot fuel quantity on the performance and emission of a dual producer gas - Diesel engine. Energy Procedia. 2013;34:218-27.
Shrivastava V, Jha AK, Wamankar AK, Murugan S. Performance and emission studies of a CI engine coupled with gasifier running in dual fuel mode. Procedia Eng. 2013;51:600-8.
Banapurmath NR, Tewari PG, Yaliwal VS, Kambalimath S, Basavarajappa YH. Combustion characteristics of a 4-stroke CI engine operated on Honge oil, Neem and Rice Bran oils when directly injected and dual fuelled with producer gas induction. Renew Energ. 2009;34(7):1877-84.
Carlucci AP, Ficarella A, Laforgia D, Strafella L. Improvement of dual-fuel biodiesel-producer gas engine performance acting on biodiesel injection parameters and strategy. Fuel. 2017;209:754-68.
Ramadhas AS, Jayaraj S, Muraleedharan C. Dual fuel mode operation in diesel engines using renewable fuels: Rubber seed oil and coir-pith producer gas. Renew Energ. 2008;33(9):2077-83.
Ramadhas AS, Jayaraj S, Muraleedharan C. Power generation using coir-pith and wood derived producer gas in diesel engines. Fuel Process Tech. 2006;87(10):849-53.
Rith M, Biona JMB, Gitano–Briggs HW, Sok P, Gonzaga JA, Arbon N, et al. Performance and emission characteristics of the genset fuelled with dual producer gas – diesel. DLSU Research Congress 2016; 2016 Mar 7-9; Manila, Philippines. p. 1-7.
Rith M, Gitano-Briggs HW, Arbon NA, Gonzaga JA, Biona JBM. The effect of Jatropha seed cake producer gas flow rates on a diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode at high engine speed. Eng Appl Sci Res. 2019;46(4):303-11.
Rith M, Buenconsejo B, Gitano-Briggs HW, Biona JBM. Design and fabrication of a low-cost research facility for the study of combustion characteristics of a dual producer gas-diesel engine. Eng Appl Sci Res. 2020;47(4):447-57.
Uma R, Kandpal TC, Kishore VVN. Emission characteristics of an electricity generation system in diesel alone and dual fuel modes. Biomass Bioenergy. 2004;27(2):195-203.
Dhole AE, Yarasu RB, Lata DB, Priyam A. Effect on performance and emissions of a dual fuel diesel engine using hydrogen and producer gas as secondary fuels. Int J Hydrogen Energ. 2014;9:1-11.
Dhole AE, Lata DB, Yarasu RB. Effect of hydrogen and producer gas as secondary fuels on combustion parameters of a dual fuel diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;108:764-73.
Roy MM, Tomita E, Kawahara N, Harada Y, Sakane A. Performance and emission comparison of a supercharged dual-fuel engine fueled by producer gases with varying hydrogen content. Int J Hydrogen Energ. 2009;34(18):7811-22.
Dhole AE, Yarasu RB, Lata DB. Investigations on the combustion duration and ignition delay period of a dual fuel diesel engine with hydrogen and producer gas as secondary fuels. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;107:524-32.
Lal S, Mohapatra SK. The effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission characteristics of a dual fuel diesel engine using biomass derived producer gas. Appl Therm Eng. 2017;119:63-72.
Carlucci AP, Ficarella A, Laforgia D. Potentialities of a common rail injection system for the control of dual fuel biodiesel-producer gas combustion and emissions. J Energ Eng. 2014;140(3):1-8.
Carlucci AP, Colangelo G, Ficarella A, Laforgia D, Strafella L. Improvements in dual-fuel biodiesel-producer gas combustion at low loads through pilot injection splitting. J Energ Eng. 2015;141(2):1-8.
Hamdia KM, Ghasemi H, Zhuang X, Alajlan N, Rabczuk T. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for flexoelectric nanostructures. Comput Meth Appl Mech Eng. 2018;337:95-109.
Vu-Bac N, Lahmer T, Zhuang X, Nguyen-Thoi T, Rabczuk T. A software framework for probabilistic sensitivity analysis for computationally expensive models. Adv Eng Software. 2016;100:19-31.
Rith M, Gitano-Briggs HW, Gonzaga JA, Biona JBM, Optimization of control factors for a diesel engine fueled with jatropha seed producer gas on dual fuel mode. Int Energ J. 2019;19(3):149-58.
Rith M, Arbon NA, Biona JBM. Optimization of diesel injection timing, producer gas flow rate, and engine load for a diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode at a high engine speed. Eng Appl Sci Res. 2019;46(3):192-9.
Uslu S, Celik MB. Performance and exhaust emission prediction of a si engine fueled with i-amyl alcohol-gasoline blends: an ann coupled rsm based optimization. Fuel. 2020;265:116922.
Aydın M, Uslu S, Bahattin Çelik M. Performance and emission prediction of a compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel-diesel blends: a combined application of ANN and RSM based optimization. Fuel. 2020;269:117472.
Simsek S, Uslu S. Determination of a diesel engine operating parameters powered with canola, safflower and waste vegetable oil based biodiesel combination using response surface methodology (RSM). Fuel. 2020;270:117496.
Montgomery DC. Design and Analysis of Experiments. 5th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2001.
Achten WMJ, Verchot L, Franken YJ, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Aerts R, et al. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. Biomass Bioenergy. 2008;32(12):1063-84.
Pandey KK, Pragya N, Sahoo PK. Life cycle assessment of small-scale high-input Jatropha biodiesel production in India. Appl Energ. 2011;88(12):4831-9.
Khalil HPSA, Aprilia NAS, Bhat AH, Jawaid M, Paridah MT, Rudi D. A Jatropha biomass as renewable materials for biocomposites and its applications. Renew Sustain Energ Rev. 2013;22:667-85.
Uslu S, Celik MB. Prediction of engine emissions and performance with artificial neural networks in a single cylinder diesel engine using diethyl ether. Eng Sci Tech, Int J. 2018;21(6):1194-201.
Rith M, Biona JBM, Maglaya AB, Fernando A, Gonzaga JA, Gitano-Briggs HW. Fumigation of producer gas in a diesel genset: Performance and emission characteristics. 2018 IEEE 10th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment and Management; 2018 Nov 29 - Dec 2; Baguio City, Philippines. USA: IEEE; 2019. p. 1-4.
Nayak SK, Mishra PC. Combustion characteristics, performances and emissions of a biodiesel-producer gas dual fuel engine with varied combustor geometry. Energy. 2019;168:585-600.
Hernandez JJ, Barba J, Aranda G. Combustion characterization of producer gas from biomass gasification. Glob Nest J. 2012;14(2):125-32.
Glaude PA, Fournet R, Bounaceur R, Molière M. Adiabatic flame temperature from biofuels and fossil fuels and derived effect on NOx emissions. Fuel Process Tech. 2010;91(2):229-35.
Mustafi NN, Raine RR, Verhelst S. Combustion and emissions characteristics of a dual fuel engine operated on alternative gaseous fuels. Fuel. 2013;109:669-78.
Banapurmath NR, Tewari PG, Hosmath RS. Experimental investigations of a four-stroke single cylinder direct injection diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode with producer gas as inducted fuel and Honge oil and its methyl ester (HOME) as injected fuels. Renew Energ. 2008;33(9):2007-2018.
Mathur M, Sharma R. Internal Combustion Engine. India: Dhanpat rai publication; 2006.