Effect of sodium compounds additives on the strength of cement-stabilized soils

Article Sidebar

PDF
Published: Sep 4, 2020
Keywords:
Soil-cement mixtures Sodium additives Chemical stabilization Microstructural characteristics of soil

Main Article Content

Harith E. Ali
Building and Construction Technology Engineering, Northern Technical University, 41002 Mosul, Iraq
Nabel K. Asmel
Building and Construction Technology Engineering, Northern Technical University, 41002 Mosul, Iraq
Abideen A. Ganiyu
Department of Civil Engineering and Quantity Surveying, Military Technological College, Muscat, Oman
Hamzat Tijani
Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract

Chemical stabilisation using cement is a common method of improving the weak properties of soft soils. This study presents the results of experimental tests on the effects of three sodium additive solutions, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl), on the strength of clayey (CS) and non-plastic/low plasticity property (NPS) soil-cement mixtures. Both soils condition, CS and NPS, represent the predominant soils in Mosul city, Iraq. The physical properties of these natural soils were obtained. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRFS), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests were performed to further examine the microstructural characteristics of the soil samples. Furthermore, various concentrations of sodium additive solutions (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3%  by dry soil weight) were added to the soils to study the effect of these solutions on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), and swelling potential characteristics of the soils. Variables such as cement content, curing period and concentration of chemical additives were considered. The results show an increase in the UCS of soil-cement mixtures corresponding to the incremental increases in the cement content and curing period of the samples. Also, the addition of NaOH and Na2CO3 increased the strength of soil-cement mixtures, with a limited effect in the case of NaCl addition. The results indicate that 1% and 1.5% of sodium additives were optimal additive contents for maximal UCS and CBR values, respectively. The results also confirm the decreased swelling potential of CS-cement mixtures with the addition of sodium additives and demonstrates the superiority of NaOH over Na2CO3 as an additive for soil stabilization.

Article Details

How to Cite
Ali, H. E., Asmel, N. K., Ganiyu, A. A. ., & Tijani, H. (2020). Effect of sodium compounds additives on the strength of cement-stabilized soils. Engineering and Applied Science Research, 47(3), 287–296. Retrieved from https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/225784
Issue
Vol. 47 No. 3 (2020)
Section
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

References

Moradi R, Marto A, Rashid ASA, Moradi MM, Ganiyu AA, Horpibulsuk S. Bearing capacity of soft soil model treated with end-bearing bottom ash columns. Environ Earth Sci. 2018;77:1-9.

Ahmed A, Nagy NM, El Naggar MH, Kamei T. Stabilisation of soft soil with recycled plaster admixtures. Proc Inst Civ Eng - Ground Improv. 2018;171(1):12-20.

Mujah D, Rahman ME, Zain NHM. Performance evaluation of the soft soil reinforced ground palm oil fuel ash layer composite. J Clean Prod. 2015;95:89-100.

Adedokun SI, Ganiyu AA, Adedokun MA. Effect of marble dust and steel slag on consistency limits and compaction characteristics of lateritic soil. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2019;527:1-12.

Gadouri H, Harichane K, Ghrici M. Effect of sodium sulphate on the shear strength of clayey soils stabilised with additives. Arab J Geosci. 2017;10:1-17.

Joel M, Agbede IO. Mechanical-cement stabilization of laterite for use as flexible pavement material. J Mater Civ Eng. 2010;23(2):146-52.

Djelloul R, Mrabent SAB, Hachichi A, Fleureau JM. Effect of cement on the drying–wetting paths and on some engineering properties of a compacted natural clay from Oran, Algeria. Geotech Geol Eng. 2018;36:995-1010.

Consoli NC, Foppa D, Festugato L, Heineck KS. Key parameters for strength control of artificially cemented soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2007;133(2):197-205.

Moreira EB, Baldovino JA, Rose JL, Luis dos Santos Izzo R. Effects of porosity, dry unit weight, cement content and void/cement ratio on unconfined compressive strength of roof tile waste-silty soil mixtures. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2019;11(2):369-78.

Saride S, Puppala AJ, Chikyala SR. Swell-shrink and strength behaviors of lime and cement stabilized expansive organic clays. Appl Clay Sci. 2013;85:39-45.

Moayedi H, Nazir R. Malaysian experiences of peat stabilization, state of the art. Geotech Geol Eng. 2018;36:1-11.

Pourakbar S, Asadi A, Huat BBK, Fasihnikoutalab MH. Stabilization of clayey soil using ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and cement. Transp Geotech. 2015;3:24-35.

Kalantari B, Prasad A, Huat BB. Stabilising peat soil with cement and silica fume. Proc Inst Civ Eng- Geotech Eng. 2011;164(1):33-9.

Du YJ, Jiang NJ, Liu SY, Jin F, Singh DN, Puppala AJ. Engineering properties and microstructural characteristics of cement-stabilized zinc-contaminated kaolin. Can Geotech J. 2014;51(3):289-302.

Christopher IC, Chimobi ND. Emerging trends in expansive soil stabilisation: a review. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2019;11(2):423-40.

Zhou C, Zhao S, Huang W, Li D, Liu Z. Study on the stabilization mechanisms of clayey slope surfaces treated by spraying with a new soil additive. Appl Sci. 2019;9:1-13.

Estabragh AR, Naseh M, Beytolahpour I, Javadi AA. Strength of a clay soil and soil–cement mixture with resin. Proc Inst Civ Eng - Ground Improv. 2013;166(2):108-14.

Anagnostopoulos CA. Strength properties of an epoxy resin and cement-stabilized silty clay soil. Appl Clay Sci. 2015;114:517-29.

Abbasi N, Mahdieh M. Improvement of geotechnical properties of silty sand soils using natural pozzolan and lime. Int J Geo Eng. 2018;9:1-12.

Maaitah ON. Soil stabilization by chemical agent. Geotech Geol Eng. 2012;30:1345-56.

Cabezas R, Cataldo C, Choudhary AK. Influence of chemical stabilization method and its effective additive concentration (EAC) in non-pavement roads. a study in andesite-based soils. Cogent Eng. 2019;6(1):1-17.

Kanawi M, Kamel AO. Durability of expansive soil treated by chemical additives. Int J Eng Innovat Tech. 2013;3(1):315-9.

Sadrjamali M, Athar S, Negahdar A. Modifying soil shear strength parameters using additives in laboratory condition. Curr World Environ. 2015;10(S1):120-30.

Mohd Yunus NZ, Wanatowski D, Marto A, Jusoh SN. Strength improvement of lime-treated clay with sodium chloride. Geotech Res. 2017;4(4):192-202.

Olaniyan O, Olaoye R, Okeyinka O, Olaniyan D. Soil stabilization techniques using sodium hydroxide additives. Int J Civ Environ Eng. 2011;11(6):9-22.

Zangana DBN. The effect of sodium hydroxide on the strength of kirkuk soil–cement mixtures. Anbar J Eng Sci. 2012;5(2):258-70.

Latifi N, Eisazadeh A, Marto A. Strength behavior and microstructural characteristics of tropical laterite soil treated with sodium silicate-based liquid stabilizer. Environ Earth Sci. 2014;72:91-8.

Latifi N, Marto A, Eisazadeh A. Analysis of strength development in non-traditional liquid additive-stabilized laterite soil from macro- and micro-structural considerations. Environ Earth Sci. 2015;73:1133-41.

ASTM. D 422-63 Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils. Annual book of ASTM standards. West Conshohocken, USA: ASTM International; 2003. p. 93-9.

ASTM. D 4318-00 Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken, USA: ASTM International; 2003. p. 582-95.

ASTM. D 854-02 Standard test method for specific gravity of soils. Annual book of ASTM standards. West Conshohocken, USA: ASTM International; 2003. p. 93-9.

ASTM. D 1883-16 Standard test method for California bearing ratio (CBR) of laboratory-compacted soils. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken, USA: ASTM International; 2016.

ASTM. D 4972-01 Standard test method for pH of soils. Annual book of ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken, USA: ASTM International; 2001. p. 1-3.

ASTM. D 4542-07 Standard test methods for pore water extraction and determination of the soluble salt content of soils by refractometer. Annual book of ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken, USA: ASTM International; 2007.

ASTM. D 2974-07 Standard test methods for moisture, ash, and organic matter of peat and other organic soils. Annual book of ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken, USA: ASTM International; 2007.

AASHTO. T -180 Moisture density relations of soils using a 4.54 kg (10 lb) rammer and a 457 mm (18 in.) drop. Annual book of ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken, USA: ASTM International; 2011.

Dayioglu M, Cetin B, Nam S. Stabilization of expansive Belle Fourche shale clay with different chemical additives. Appl Clay Sci. 2017;146:56-69.

Al-Homidy AA, Dahim MH, Abd El Aal AK. Improvement of geotechnical properties of sabkha soil utilizing cement kiln dust. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2017;9(4):749-60.

Gadouri H, Harichane K, Ghrici M. Effects of Na2SO4 on the geotechnical properties of clayey soils stabilised with mineral additives. Int J Geotech Eng. 2016;11 (5):500-12.

Al-hassani AMJ, Kadhim SM, Fattah AA. Characteristics of cohesive soils stabilized by cement kiln dust. Int J Sci Eng Res. 2015;6(4):2032-8.

Ural N. Effects of additives on the microstructure of clay. Road Mater Pavement Des. 2016;17(1):104-19.

Zaliha SS, Kamarudin H, Al Bakri A, Binhussain M, Salwa MS. Review on soil stabilization techniques. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. 2013;7(5):258-65.

Al-Ani T, Sarapää O. Clay and clay mineralogy: physical – chemical properties and industrial uses. Finland: Geological Survey of Finland; 2008.

Miller GA, Azad S. Influence of soil type on stabilization with cement kiln dust. Construct Build Mater. 2000;14(2):89-97.

Li S, White DJ, Vennapusa P. Cement stabilization of embankment materials. Iowa: Centre for Earthwork Engineering Research, Institute for Transportation, Iowa State University; 2015.

Ureña Nieto CG. A study on the use of non-conventional additives for stabilisation of expansive soils. Granada, Spain: Universidad de Granada; 2014.

Wong LS, Hashim R, Ali F. Improved strength and reduced permeability of stabilized peat: focus on application of kaolin as a pozzolanic additive. Construct Build Mater. 2013;40:783-92.

Abood TT, Kasa AB, Chik ZB. Stabilisation of silty clay soil using chloride compounds. J Eng Sci Tech. 2007;2(1):102-10.

Rashid ASA, Latifi N, Meehan CL, Manahiloh KN. Sustainable improvement of tropical residual soil using an environmentally friendly additive. Geotech Geol Eng. 2017;35:2613-23.

Latifi N, Rashid ASA, Siddiqua S, Horpibulsuk S. Micro-structural analysis of strength development in low- and high swelling clays stabilized with magnesium chloride solution — a green soil stabilizer. Appl Clay Sci. 2015;118:195-206.

Al-Rawas AA, Goosen MF. Expansive soils: recent advances in characterization and treatment. London: Taylor & Francis; 2006.