Submerged friction stir welding: An overview of results of experiments and possible future works
Main Article Content
Abstract
Conventional Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is performed in an open air environment making use of the heat generated by both friction and plastic deformation of a material. Submerged Friction Stir Welding (SFSW) is a new development from the FSW process in which the welding is performed under liquid medium like water or brine. SFSW process has wide applications in the marine field. This paper reviews the investigations carried out in SFSW and compares them with conventional FSW. Also, it describes the influence of the process parameters like tool rotational speed and tool traversing speed on mechanical and microstructural properties of the joints made in SFSW, compared with FSW. Further, it deals with some of the novel methods of SFSW. Research gaps are identified to suggest future work for deriving more information regarding SFSW.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Sun SJ, Kim JS, Lee WG, Lim JY, Go Y, Kim YM. Influence of friction stir welding on mechanical properties of butt joints of AZ61magnesium alloy. Adv Mater Sci Eng. 2017;2017:1-13.
Sedaghati A, Bouzary H. A study on the effect of cooling on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded AA5086 aluminum butt and lap joints. Proc Inst Mech Eng: J Mater Des Appl. 2019;233(6):1156-65.
Kalvala PR, Akram J, Ramachandran MMD, Gabbita JR. Low temperature friction stir welding of P91 steel. Defence Technol. 2016;12:285-9.
Abdollahzadeh A, Shokuhfar A, Omidvar H, Cabrera JM, Solonin A, Ostovari A, et al. Structural evaluation and mechanical properties of AZ31/SiC nano-composite produced by friction stir welding process at various welding speeds. Proc Inst Mech Eng: J Mater Des Appl. 2019;233(5):831-41.
Ethiraj N, Sivabalan T, Vijaya Raghavan C, Mourya S. Friction stir welding of nylon-6: effect of process parameters on mechanical and microstructural properties. Jurnal Teknologi. 2017;79(6):185-91.
Rathinasuriyan C, Senthil Kumar VS. Experimental investigation of weld characteristics on submerged friction stir welded 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. J Mech Sci Technol. 2017;31(8):3925-33.
Ghetiya ND, Patel KM. Welding speed effect on joint properties in air and immersed friction stir welding of AA2014. Proc. IMechE Part B: J Eng Manuf. 2017;231(5):897-909.
Ghetiya ND, Patel KM. Prediction of tensile strength and microstructure characterization of immersed friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA2014-T4.Indian J Eng Mater Sci. 2015;22:133-40.
Bloodworth T. On the immersed friction stir welding of AA6061-T6: a metallurgic and mechanical comparison to friction stir welding [thesis]. Nashville: Graduate School of Vanderbilt University; 2009.
Nourbakhsh SH, Atrian A. Effect of submerged multi-pass friction stir process on the mechanical and microstructural properties of al7075 alloy. J Stress Anal. 2017;2(1):51-6.
Ramaiyan S, Chandran R, ManiU, Senthil Kumar VS. Optimization of corrosion behavior in submerged friction stir processed magnesium AZ31B alloy. Proceedings of the ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition; 2017 Nov 3-9; Florida, USA. USA: ASME; 2017.
Chai F, Zhang D, Li Y. Microstructures and tensile properties of submerged friction stir processed AZ91 magnesium alloy. J Magnes Alloy. 2015;3:203-9.
Rogalski G, Fydrych D, Labanowski J. Underwater wet repair welding of API 5L x 65m pipeline steel. Pol Marit Res. 2017;24:188-94.
Sree Sabari S, Malarvizhi S, Balasubramanian V, Madusudhan Reddy G. Experimental and numerical investigation on under-water friction stir welding of armour grade AA2519-T87 aluminium alloy. Defence Technol. 2016;12(4):324-33.
Fydrych D, Labanowski J, Rogalski G. Weldability of high strength steels in wet welding conditions. Pol Marit Res. 2013;20:67-73.
Zhang HJ, Liu HJ, Yu L. Microstructural evolution and its effect on mechanical performance of joint in underwater friction stir welded 2219-T6 aluminium alloy. Sci Technol Weld Joi. 2011;16(5):459-64.
Zhang HJ, Liu HJ, Yu L. Thermal modeling of underwater friction stir welding of high strength aluminum alloy. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. 2013;23(4):1114-22.
Liu HJ, Zhang HJ, Huang YX, Yu L. Mechanical properties of underwater friction stir welded 2219 aluminum alloy. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. 2010;20(8):1387-91.
Zhang HJ, Liu HJ. Mathematical model and optimization for underwater friction stir welding of a heat-treatable aluminum alloy. Mater Des. 2013;45: 206-11.
Liu HJ, Zhang HJ, Yu L. Effect of welding speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of underwater friction stir welded 2219 aluminum alloy. Mater Des. 2011;32(3):1548-53.
Zhang HJ, Liu HJ, Yu L. Microstructure and mechanical properties as a function of rotation speed in underwater friction stir welded aluminum alloy joints. Mater Des. 2011;32(8-9):4402-7.
Fu RD, Sun ZQ, Sun RC, Li Y, Liu HJ, Liu L. Improvement of weld temperature distribution and mechanical properties of 7050 aluminium alloy butt joints by submerged friction stir welding. Mater Des. 2011;32(10):4825-31.
Wang K, Wu JL, Wang W, Zhou LH, Lin ZX, Kong L. Underwater friction stir welding of ultrafine grained 2017 aluminum alloy. J Cent South Univ. 2012;19(8):2081-5.
Papahn H, Bahemmat P, Haghpanahi M, Sommitsch C. Study on governing parameters of thermal history during underwater friction stir welding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2014;78(5-8):1101-11.
Pedapati SR, Paramaguru D, Awang M. Microhardness and microstructural studies on underwater friction stir welding of 5052 aluminum alloy. Proceedings of the ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition; 2017 Nov 3-9;Florida, USA. USA: ASME; 2017.
Heirani F, Abbasi A, Ardestani M. Effects of processing parameters on microstructure and mechanical behaviors of underwater friction stir welding of Al5083 alloy. J Manuf Process. 2017;25:77-84.
Wang Q, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Yan K, Zhang H. The adjustment strategy of welding parameters for spray formed 7055 aluminum alloy underwater friction stir welding joint. Mater Des.2015;88:1366-76.
Wang Q, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Yan K, Liu C, Zhang H. The strengthening mechanism of spray forming Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy by underwater friction stir welding. Mater Des. 2016;102:91-99.
Tan YB, Wang XM, Ma M, Zhang JX, Liu WC, Fua RD, et al. A study on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA 3003 aluminum alloy joints by underwater friction stir welding. Mater Char. 2017;127:41-52.
Sinhmar S, Dwivedi DK. Enhancement of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of friction stir welded joint of AA2014 using water cooling. Mater Des. 2017;684:413-22.
Sree Sabari S, Malarvizhi S, Balasubramanian V. Influences of tool traverse speed on tensile properties of air cooled and water cooled friction stir welded AA2519-T87 aluminium alloy joints. J Mater Process Technol. 2016;237:286-300.
Sree Sabari S, Malarvizhi S, Balasubramanian V. Characteristics of FSW and UWFSW joints of AA2519-T87 aluminium alloy: effect of tool rotation speed. J Manuf Process. 2016;22:278-89.
Rathinasuriyan C, Senthil Kumar VS, Shanbhag AG. Radiography and corrosion analysis of sub-merged friction stir welding of AA6061-T6 alloy. Procedia Eng. 2014;97:810-8.
Shanavas S, Edwin Raja Dhas J, Murugan N. Weldability of marine grade AA 5052 aluminum alloy by underwater friction stir welding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2017;95(9-12):4535-46.
Wahid MA, Siddiquee AN, Khan ZA, Sharma N.Analysis of cooling media effects on microstructure and mechanical properties during FSW/UFSW of AA 6082-T6. Mater Res Express. 2018;5(4):046512.
Salimi S, Bahemmat P, Haghpanahi M. Study on residual stresses caused by underwater friction stir welding: FE modeling and ultrasonic measurement. Proc IMechE Part E: J Process Mech Eng. 2019;233(1):118-37.
Cui L, Yang X, Wang D, Hou X, Cao J, Xu W. Friction taper plug welding for S355 steel in underwater wet conditions: welding performance, microstructures and mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng. 2014;611:15-28.
Zhang X, Deng C, Wang D, Wang Z, Teng J, Cao J, et al. Improving bonding quality of underwater friction stitch welds by selecting appropriate plug material and welding parameters and optimizing joint design. Mater Des. 2016;91:398-410.
Teng J, Wang D, Wang Z, Zhang X, Li Y, Cao J, et al. Repair of arc welded DH36 joint by underwater friction stitch welding. Mater Des. 2017;118:266-78.
Vinoth Jebaraj A, Ajaykumar L, Deepak CR, Aditya KVV. Weldability, machinability and surfacing of commercial duplex stainless steel AISI 2205 for marine applications-a recent review. J Adv Res. 2017; 8:183-99.
Bijanrostami K, Barenji RV. Underwater dissimilar friction stir welding of aluminum alloys: elucidating the grain size and hardness of the joints. Proc IMechE Part L: JMater Des Appl. 2019;233(4):763- 75.
Mofid MA, Abdollah-Zadeh A, Ghaini FM, GurCH. Submerged friction-stir welding (SFSW) underwater and under liquid nitrogen: an improved method to join Al alloys to Mg alloys. Metall Mater Trans A. 2012;43(13):5106-14.
Zhao Y, Lu Z, Yan K, Huang L. Microstructural characterizations and mechanical properties in underwater friction stir welding of aluminum and magnesium dissimilar alloys. Mater Des. 2015;65:675-81.
Mofid MA, Abdollah-zadeh A, Malek Ghaini F. The effect of water cooling during dissimilar friction stir welding of Al alloy to Mg alloy. Mater Des. 2012;36:161-7.
Zhang J, Shen Y, Yao X, Xu H, Li B. Investigation on dissimilar underwater friction stir lap welding of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy to pure copper. Mater Des. 2014;64:74-80.
Chandima Ratnayake RM, Brevik VA. Experimental investigation of underwater stud friction stir welding parameters. Mater Manuf Process. 2014; 29(10):1219-25.
Garg T, Mathur P, Singhal V, Jain C, Gupta P. Underwater friction stir welding: an overview. Appl Int Rev Eng Res. 2014;4(2):165-70.
Noor NFM, Awang M. Overview of underwater friction stir welding. J Eng Appl Sci. 2016;11(24):14319-21.
Wahid MA, Khan ZA, Siddiquee AN. Review on underwater friction stir welding: a variant of friction stir welding with great potential of improving joint properties. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc. 2018;28(2): 193-219.