Design of a Hybrid Blockchain Architecture to Enhance Transparency in Student Activity Recording
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Abstract
Student activity recording systems in higher education institutions are commonly implemented as centralized information systems, which may limit transparency and the ability to independently verify activity records. This study aims to design and develop a blockchain-based system for recording student activities to improve data transparency and reliability. The proposed system adopts a hybrid architecture in which detailed activity data are stored in an off-chain database, while a cryptographic commitment of the dataset is recorded on the blockchain through a smart contract developed in Solidity. A prototype web application was implemented and integrated with an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)-compatible blockchain network using a Minimal On-chain approach that stores only the hash of the activity dataset on the blockchain. Experimental evaluation shows that deploying the smart contract required approximately 0.0265 USD (0.82 Baht), while recording an activity dataset cost about 0.002 USD (0.06 Baht) per transaction. The gas consumption of transactions ranged from 119,900 - 119,950 units, and the transaction confirmation latency ranged from about 4 to 7 seconds. The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid architecture with a Minimal On-chain design can effectively enhance the verifiability of student activity records while maintaining low transaction costs and minimizing the exposure of personal data on the blockchain.
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