Perspective on Functional food in the 21st Century
Keywords:
Functional food, Active compounds, Vitamins and mineralsAbstract
Functional foods are defined as foods or nutrients contained in foods that are rich in active compounds or active vitamins and minerals. Active ingredients, or active functions of vitamins and minerals in functional foods, provide health benefits in order to promote human body systems. Functional foods can be classified according to their physiological effects, i.e., functional foods promote the digestive and absorption system, immune system, cardiovascular system, cognition and neurological system, anti-aging, antioxidants, and cancer prevention. Nowadays, many functional food products are available for sale in the market, such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fiber-fortified beverage products, cereal products, drinks that are fortified with antioxidants or multivitamins and minerals, particularly selenium and manganese, drinks fortified with berry extracts, milk products, and ready-to-drink yogurt that is fortified with probiotics and plant sterols, etc. In Thailand, there are functional foods available on the general market, and the market trend will continue to increase. However, market share continues to grow around the world, including in Asia, America, and Europe. Functional foods are also popular among health-conscious consumers. Moreover, regular consumption of these functional foods also reduces the rate of illnesses requiring hospital admission. Therefore, it can be stated that functional food is the food of the 21st century.
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Aguiar, L. M., Geraldi, M. V., Betim Cazarin, C. B., & Maróstica Junior, M. R. (2019). Chapter 11 - Functional Food Consumption and Its Physiological Effects. In M. R. S. Campos (Ed.), Bioactive Compounds (pp. 205-225): Woodhead Publishing.
Alenazy, M. F., Aljohar, H. I., Alruwaili, A. R., Daghestani, M. H., Alonazi, M. A., Labban, R. S., Balto, H. A. (2022). Gut Microbiota Dynamics in Relation to Long-COVID-19 Syndrome: Role of Probiotics to Combat Psychiatric Complications. Metabolites, 12(10). doi:10.3390/metabo12100912
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Cárcamo, J. M., Pedraza, A., Bórquez-Ojeda, O., Zhang, B., Sanchez, R., & Golde, D. W. (2004). Vitamin C is a kinase inhibitor: dehydroascorbic acid inhibits IkappaBalpha kinase beta. Mol Cell Biol, 24(15), 6645-6652. doi:10.1128/mcb.24.15.6645-6652.2004
Casadesus, G., Shukitt-Hale, B., Stellwagen, H. M., Zhu, X., Lee, H. G., Smith, M. A., & Joseph, J. A. (2004). Modulation of hippocampal plasticity and cognitive behavior by short-term blueberry supplementation in aged rats. Nutr Neurosci, 7(5-6), 309-316. doi:10.1080/10284150400020482
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Hirota, K., & Semenza, G. L. (2005). Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 by prolyl and asparaginyl hydroxylases. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 338(1), 610-616. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.193
Ivory, K., Prieto, E., Spinks, C., Armah, C. N., Goldson, A. J., Dainty, J. R., & Nicoletti, C. (2017). Selenium supplementation has beneficial and detrimental effects on immunity to influenza vaccine in older adults. Clin Nutr, 36(2), 407-415. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.003
Kaur, A. P., Bhardwaj, S., Dhanjal, D. S., Nepovimova, E., Cruz-Martins, N., Kuča, K., Kumar, D. (2021). Plant Prebiotics and Their Role in the Amelioration of Diseases. Biomolecules, 11(3). doi:10.3390/biom11030440
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Khan, S. U., Lone, A. N., Khan, M. S., Virani, S. S., Blumenthal, R. S., Nasir, K., Bhatt, D. L. (2021). Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine, 38. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100997
Lee, M. H., Lu, K., Hazard, S., Yu, H., Shulenin, S., Hidaka, H., Patel, S. B. (2001). Identification of a gene, ABCG5, important in the regulation of dietary cholesterol absorption. Nat Genet, 27(1), 79-83. doi:10.1038/83799
Letenneur, L., Proust-Lima, C., Le Gouge, A., Dartigues, J. F., & Barberger-Gateau, P. (2007). Flavonoid intake and cognitive decline over a 10-year period. Am J Epidemiol, 165(12), 1364-1371. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm036
Liu, J., Hefni, M. E., & Witthöft, C. M. (2020). Characterization of Flavonoid Compounds in Common Swedish Berry Species. Foods, 9(3), 358. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/3/358
López-Varela, S., González-Gross, M., & Marcos, A. (2002). Functional foods and the immune system: a review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56(3), S29-S33. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601481
uo, M., Zhou, L., Huang, Z., Li, B., Nice, E. C., Xu, J., & Huang, C. (2022). Antioxidant Therapy in Cancer: Rationale and Progress. Antioxidants (Basel), 11(6). doi:10.3390/antiox11061128
Maggini, S., Beveridge, S., Sorbara, P., & Senatore, G. (2008). Feeding the immune system: the role of micronutrients in restoring resistance to infections (Vol. 2008): CABI International.
Makhmudova, U., Schulze, P. C., Lütjohann, D., & Weingärtner, O. (2021). Phytosterols and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 23(11), 68. doi:10.1007/s11883-021-00964-x
Maldonado Galdeano, C., Cazorla, S. I., Lemme Dumit, J. M., Vélez, E., & Perdigón, G. (2019). Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System. Ann Nutr Metab, 74(2), 115-124. doi:10.1159/000496426
Malik, J. K., Ahmad, A. H., Kalpana, S., Prakash, A., & Gupta, R. C. (2016). Chapter 57 - Synbiotics: Safety and Toxicity Considerations. In R. C. Gupta (Ed.), Nutraceuticals (pp. 811-822). Boston: Academic Press.
Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., & Rotondo, J. C. (2023). Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Cells, 12(1). doi:10.3390/cells12010184
Mokgobu, M. I., Cholo, M. C., Anderson, R., Steel, H. C., Motheo, M. P., Hlatshwayo, T. N., Theron, A. J. (2015). Oxidative induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine formation by human monocyte-derived macrophages following exposure to manganese in vitro. Journal of immunotoxicology, 12(1), 98-103.
Pecora, F., Persico, F., Argentiero, A., Neglia, C., & Esposito, S. (2020). The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections. Nutrients, 12(10). doi:10.3390/nu12103198
Phaniendra, A., Jestadi, D. B., & Periyasamy, L. (2015). Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem, 30(1), 11-26. doi:10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0
Rasines-Perea, Z., & Teissedre, P.-L. (2017a). Grape Polyphenols' Effects in Human Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes. Molecules, 22(1). doi:10.3390/molecules22010068
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Rizzardini, G., Eskesen, D., Calder, P. C., Capetti, A., Jespersen, L., & Clerici, M. (2012). Evaluation of the immune benefits of two probiotic strains Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis, BB-12® and Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, L. casei 431® in an influenza vaccination model: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Nutrition, 107(6), 876-884. doi:10.1017/S000711451100420X
Saeed, F., Nadeem, M., Ahmed, R. S., Tahir Nadeem, M., Arshad, M. S., & Ullah, A. (2016). Studying the impact of nutritional immunology underlying the modulation of immune responses by nutritional compounds – a review. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 27(2), 205-229. doi:10.1080/09540105.2015.1079600
Sartorius, N. (2006). The meanings of health and its promotion. Croat Med J, 47(4), 662-664.
Sawicki, C. M., Livingston, K. A., Obin, M., Roberts, S. B., Chung, M., & McKeown, N. M. (2017). Dietary Fiber and the Human Gut Microbiota: Application of Evidence Mapping Methodology. Nutrients, 9(2). doi:10.3390/nu9020125
Sivaprakasapillai, B., Edirisinghe, I., Randolph, J., Steinberg, F., & Kappagoda, T. (2009). Effect of grape seed extract on blood pressure in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism, 58(12), 1743-1746. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.030
van den Nieuwboer, M., van de Burgwal, L. H. M., & Claassen, E. (2016). A quantitative key-opinion-leader analysis of innovation barriers in probiotic research and development: Valorisation and improving the tech transfer cycle. PharmaNutrition, 4(1), 9-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2015.09.003
Vera-Santander, V. E., Hernández-Figueroa, R. H., Jiménez-Munguía, M. T., Mani-López, E., & López-Malo, A. (2023). Health Benefits of Consuming Foods with Bacterial Probiotics, Postbiotics, and Their Metabolites: A Review. Molecules, 28(3). doi:10.3390/molecules28031230
Vitiñi, E., Alvarez, S., Medina, M., Medici, M., de Budeguer, M. V., & Perdigón, G. (2000). Gut mucosal immunostimulation by lactic acid bacteria. Biocell, 24(3), 223-232.
Wu, Q., Mu, Q., Xia, Z., Min, J., & Wang, F. (2021). Manganese homeostasis at the host-pathogen interface and in the host immune system. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 115, 45-53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.006
Abe, M., Akbar, F., Matsuura, B., Horiike, N., & Onji, M. (2003). Defective antigen-presenting capacity of murine dendritic cells during starvation. Nutrition, 19(3), 265-269. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00854-7
Aguiar, L. M., Geraldi, M. V., Betim Cazarin, C. B., & Maróstica Junior, M. R. (2019). Chapter 11 - Functional Food Consumption and Its Physiological Effects. In M. R. S. Campos (Ed.), Bioactive Compounds (pp. 205-225): Woodhead Publishing.
Alenazy, M. F., Aljohar, H. I., Alruwaili, A. R., Daghestani, M. H., Alonazi, M. A., Labban, R. S., Balto, H. A. (2022). Gut Microbiota Dynamics in Relation to Long-COVID-19 Syndrome: Role of Probiotics to Combat Psychiatric Complications. Metabolites, 12(10). doi:10.3390/metabo12100912
Ashwell, M. (2004). Concepts of Functional Food. Nutrition & Food Science, 34(1), 47-47. doi:10.1108/nfs.2004.34.1.47.3
Cárcamo, J. M., Pedraza, A., Bórquez-Ojeda, O., Zhang, B., Sanchez, R., & Golde, D. W. (2004). Vitamin C is a kinase inhibitor: dehydroascorbic acid inhibits IkappaBalpha kinase beta. Mol Cell Biol, 24(15), 6645-6652. doi:10.1128/mcb.24.15.6645-6652.2004
Casadesus, G., Shukitt-Hale, B., Stellwagen, H. M., Zhu, X., Lee, H. G., Smith, M. A., & Joseph, J. A. (2004). Modulation of hippocampal plasticity and cognitive behavior by short-term blueberry supplementation in aged rats. Nutr Neurosci, 7(5-6), 309-316. doi:10.1080/10284150400020482
Childs, C. E., Röytiö, H., Alhoniemi, E., Fekete, A. A., Forssten, S. D., Hudjec, N., Gibson, G. R. (2014). Xylo-oligosaccharides alone or in synbiotic combination with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis induce bifidogenesis and modulate markers of immune function in healthy adults: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, factorial cross-over study. British Journal of Nutrition, 111(11), 1945-1956. doi:10.1017/S0007114513004261
Committee on Opportunities in the Nutrition and Food Sciences and Nutrition Board. (1994). Opportunities in the nutrition and food sciences: research challenges and the next generation of investigators. Special Committee of the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences. In The Journal of Nutrition (1994/06/01 ed., Vol. 124, pp. 763-769).
Day, R. L., Harper, A. J., Woods, R. M., Davies, O. G., & Heaney, L. M. (2019). Probiotics: current landscape and future horizons. Future Sci OA, 5(4), Fso391. doi:10.4155/fsoa-2019-0004
Didier, A. J., Stiene, J., Fang, L., Watkins, D., Dworkin, L. D., & Creeden, J. F. (2023). Antioxidant and Anti-Tumor Effects of Dietary Vitamins A, C, and E. Antioxidants, 12(3), 632. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/3/632
Gatt, M., Reddy, B. S., & Macfie, J. (2007). Review article: bacterial translocation in the critically ill – evidence and methods of prevention. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 25(7), 741-757. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03174.x
Hirota, K., & Semenza, G. L. (2005). Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 by prolyl and asparaginyl hydroxylases. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 338(1), 610-616. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.193
Ivory, K., Prieto, E., Spinks, C., Armah, C. N., Goldson, A. J., Dainty, J. R., & Nicoletti, C. (2017). Selenium supplementation has beneficial and detrimental effects on immunity to influenza vaccine in older adults. Clin Nutr, 36(2), 407-415. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.003
Kaur, A. P., Bhardwaj, S., Dhanjal, D. S., Nepovimova, E., Cruz-Martins, N., Kuča, K., Kumar, D. (2021). Plant Prebiotics and Their Role in the Amelioration of Diseases. Biomolecules, 11(3). doi:10.3390/biom11030440
Khan, S. H., & Ansari, F. A. (2007). Probiotics--the friendly bacteria with market potential in global market. Pak J Pharm Sci, 20(1), 76-82.
Khan, S. U., Lone, A. N., Khan, M. S., Virani, S. S., Blumenthal, R. S., Nasir, K., Bhatt, D. L. (2021). Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine, 38. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100997
Lee, M. H., Lu, K., Hazard, S., Yu, H., Shulenin, S., Hidaka, H., Patel, S. B. (2001). Identification of a gene, ABCG5, important in the regulation of dietary cholesterol absorption. Nat Genet, 27(1), 79-83. doi:10.1038/83799
Letenneur, L., Proust-Lima, C., Le Gouge, A., Dartigues, J. F., & Barberger-Gateau, P. (2007). Flavonoid intake and cognitive decline over a 10-year period. Am J Epidemiol, 165(12), 1364-1371. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm036
Liu, J., Hefni, M. E., & Witthöft, C. M. (2020). Characterization of Flavonoid Compounds in Common Swedish Berry Species. Foods, 9(3), 358. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/3/358
López-Varela, S., González-Gross, M., & Marcos, A. (2002). Functional foods and the immune system: a review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56(3), S29-S33. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601481
Luo, M., Zhou, L., Huang, Z., Li, B., Nice, E. C., Xu, J., & Huang, C. (2022). Antioxidant Therapy in Cancer: Rationale and Progress. Antioxidants (Basel), 11(6). doi:10.3390/antiox11061128
Maggini, S., Beveridge, S., Sorbara, P., & Senatore, G. (2008). Feeding the immune system: the role of micronutrients in restoring resistance to infections (Vol. 2008): CABI International.
Makhmudova, U., Schulze, P. C., Lütjohann, D., & Weingärtner, O. (2021). Phytosterols and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 23(11), 68. doi:10.1007/s11883-021-00964-x
Maldonado Galdeano, C., Cazorla, S. I., Lemme Dumit, J. M., Vélez, E., & Perdigón, G. (2019). Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System. Ann Nutr Metab, 74(2), 115-124. doi:10.1159/000496426
Malik, J. K., Ahmad, A. H., Kalpana, S., Prakash, A., & Gupta, R. C. (2016). Chapter 57 - Synbiotics: Safety and Toxicity Considerations. In R. C. Gupta (Ed.), Nutraceuticals (pp. 811-822). Boston: Academic Press.
Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., & Rotondo, J. C. (2023). Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Cells, 12(1). doi:10.3390/cells12010184
Mokgobu, M. I., Cholo, M. C., Anderson, R., Steel, H. C., Motheo, M. P., Hlatshwayo, T. N., Theron, A. J. (2015). Oxidative induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine formation by human monocyte-derived macrophages following exposure to manganese in vitro. Journal of immunotoxicology, 12(1), 98-103.
Pecora, F., Persico, F., Argentiero, A., Neglia, C., & Esposito, S. (2020). The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections. Nutrients, 12(10). doi:10.3390/nu12103198
Phaniendra, A., Jestadi, D. B., & Periyasamy, L. (2015). Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem, 30(1), 11-26. doi:10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0
Rasines-Perea, Z., & Teissedre, P.-L. (2017a). Grape Polyphenols' Effects in Human Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes. Molecules, 22(1). doi:10.3390/molecules22010068
Rasines-Perea, Z., & Teissedre, P.-L. (2017b). molecules Grape Polyphenols' Effects in Human Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes. Molecules, 22, 1-19. doi:10.3390/molecules22010068
Rizzardini, G., Eskesen, D., Calder, P. C., Capetti, A., Jespersen, L., & Clerici, M. (2012). Evaluation of the immune benefits of two probiotic strains Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis, BB-12® and Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, L. casei 431® in an influenza vaccination model: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Nutrition, 107(6), 876-884. doi:10.1017/S000711451100420X
Saeed, F., Nadeem, M., Ahmed, R. S., Tahir Nadeem, M., Arshad, M. S., & Ullah, A. (2016). Studying the impact of nutritional immunology underlying the modulation of immune responses by nutritional compounds – a review. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 27(2), 205-229. doi:10.1080/09540105.2015.1079600
Sartorius, N. (2006). The meanings of health and its promotion. Croat Med J, 47(4), 662-664.
Sawicki, C. M., Livingston, K. A., Obin, M., Roberts, S. B., Chung, M., & McKeown, N. M. (2017). Dietary Fiber and the Human Gut Microbiota: Application of Evidence Mapping Methodology. Nutrients, 9(2). doi:10.3390/nu9020125
Sivaprakasapillai, B., Edirisinghe, I., Randolph, J., Steinberg, F., & Kappagoda, T. (2009). Effect of grape seed extract on blood pressure in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism, 58(12), 1743-1746. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.030
van den Nieuwboer, M., van de Burgwal, L. H. M., & Claassen, E. (2016). A quantitative key-opinion-leader analysis of innovation barriers in probiotic research and development: Valorisation and improving the tech transfer cycle. PharmaNutrition, 4(1), 9-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2015.09.003
Vera-Santander, V. E., Hernández-Figueroa, R. H., Jiménez-Munguía, M. T., Mani-López, E., & López-Malo, A. (2023). Health Benefits of Consuming Foods with Bacterial Probiotics, Postbiotics, and Their Metabolites: A Review. Molecules, 28(3). doi:10.3390/molecules28031230
Vitiñi, E., Alvarez, S., Medina, M., Medici, M., de Budeguer, M. V., & Perdigón, G. (2000). Gut mucosal immunostimulation by lactic acid bacteria. Biocell, 24(3), 223-232.
Wu, Q., Mu, Q., Xia, Z., Min, J., & Wang, F. (2021). Manganese homeostasis at the host-pathogen interface and in the host immune system. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 115, 45-53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.006
สำนักโภชนาการ กรมอนามัย กระทรวงสาธารณสุข. (2563). ปริมาณสารอาหารอ้างอิงที่ควรได้รับประจำวันสำหรับคนไทย พ.ศ. 2563. สืบค้นจาก https://nutrition2.anamai.moph.go.th/th/dri
