แนวโน้มของอาหารฟังก์ชันในศตวรรษที่ 21

ผู้แต่ง

  • Yaiprae Chatree -
  • Saimai Chatree Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy

คำสำคัญ:

อาหารฟังก์ชัน, สารสำคัญ, วิตามินและแร่ธาตุ

บทคัดย่อ

อาหารฟังก์ชัน คือ อาหารหรือสารอาหารที่อุดมไปด้วยสารสำคัญหรือวิตามินและแร่ธาตุที่สำคัญ มีบทบาทหลักต่อสุขภาพในด้านการทำงานด้านต่าง ๆ ของร่างกาย สามารถแบ่งประเภทอาหารฟังก์ชันตามคุณประโยชน์ทางสรีรวิทยาได้ดังนี้ อาหารฟังก์ชันที่ส่งเสริมการทำงานของระบบการย่อยและการดูดซึมอาหาร ระบบภูมิคุ้มกัน ระบบหัวใจและหลอดเลือด ระบบประสาทและการเรียนรู้ การชะลอวัย การต้านอนุมูลอิสระและการป้องกันการเกิดโรคมะเร็ง ปัจจุบันอาหารฟังก์ชันที่มีวางจำหน่ายได้แก่ ผลิตภัณฑ์โพรไบโอติกส์ พรีไบโอติกส์ ซินไบโอติกส์ ผลิตภัณฑ์เครื่องดื่มเสริมใยอาหาร ผลิตภัณฑ์ที่มีส่วนประกอบหลักเป็นธัญพืช อาหารและเครื่องดื่มที่เสริมสารต้านอนุมูลอิสระ  วิตามินรวมและแร่ธาตุประเภทซีลีเนียมและแมงกานีส เครื่องดื่มที่เสริมสารสกัดจากผลไม้ตระกูลเบอรี่ ผลิตภัณฑ์นมและโยเกิร์ตพร้อมดื่มที่เสริมโพรไบโอติกส์และสเตอรอลจากพืช เป็นต้น ประเทศไทยในปัจจุบันมีอาหารฟังก์ชันวางจำหน่ายในท้องตลาดทั่วไปและมีแนวโน้มด้านการตลาดที่จะเพิ่มขึ้นเรื่อย ๆ ในอนาคต อย่างไรก็ตามส่วนแบ่งการตลาดยังคงเจริญเติบโตอย่างต่อเนื่องทั่วโลกทั้งในเอเชีย อเมริกาและยุโรป นอกจากจะได้รับความนิยมจากผู้บริโภคผู้รักสุขภาพแล้ว การบริโภคอาหารฟังก์ชันเหล่านี้เป็นประจำยังช่วยลดอัตราการป่วยที่ต้องเข้ารับการรักษาในโรงพยาบาลอีกด้วย จึงกล่าวได้ว่าอาหารฟังก์ชันเป็นอาหารแห่งศตวรรษที่ 21

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References

Abe, M., Akbar, F., Matsuura, B., Horiike, N., & Onji, M. (2003). Defective antigen-presenting capacity of murine dendritic cells during starvation. Nutrition, 19(3), 265-269. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00854-7

Aguiar, L. M., Geraldi, M. V., Betim Cazarin, C. B., & Maróstica Junior, M. R. (2019). Chapter 11 - Functional Food Consumption and Its Physiological Effects. In M. R. S. Campos (Ed.), Bioactive Compounds (pp. 205-225): Woodhead Publishing.

Alenazy, M. F., Aljohar, H. I., Alruwaili, A. R., Daghestani, M. H., Alonazi, M. A., Labban, R. S., Balto, H. A. (2022). Gut Microbiota Dynamics in Relation to Long-COVID-19 Syndrome: Role of Probiotics to Combat Psychiatric Complications. Metabolites, 12(10). doi:10.3390/metabo12100912

Ashwell, M. (2004). Concepts of Functional Food. Nutrition & Food Science, 34(1), 47-47. doi:10.1108/nfs.2004.34.1.47.3

Cárcamo, J. M., Pedraza, A., Bórquez-Ojeda, O., Zhang, B., Sanchez, R., & Golde, D. W. (2004). Vitamin C is a kinase inhibitor: dehydroascorbic acid inhibits IkappaBalpha kinase beta. Mol Cell Biol, 24(15), 6645-6652. doi:10.1128/mcb.24.15.6645-6652.2004

Casadesus, G., Shukitt-Hale, B., Stellwagen, H. M., Zhu, X., Lee, H. G., Smith, M. A., & Joseph, J. A. (2004). Modulation of hippocampal plasticity and cognitive behavior by short-term blueberry supplementation in aged rats. Nutr Neurosci, 7(5-6), 309-316. doi:10.1080/10284150400020482

Childs, C. E., Röytiö, H., Alhoniemi, E., Fekete, A. A., Forssten, S. D., Hudjec, N., Gibson, G. R. (2014). Xylo-oligosaccharides alone or in synbiotic combination with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis induce bifidogenesis and modulate markers of immune function in healthy adults: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, factorial cross-over study. British Journal of Nutrition, 111(11), 1945-1956. doi:10.1017/S0007114513004261

Committee on Opportunities in the Nutrition and Food Sciences and Nutrition Board. (1994). Opportunities in the nutrition and food sciences: research challenges and the next generation of investigators. Special Committee of the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences. In The Journal of Nutrition (1994/06/01 ed., Vol. 124, pp. 763-769).

Day, R. L., Harper, A. J., Woods, R. M., Davies, O. G., & Heaney, L. M. (2019). Probiotics: current landscape and future horizons. Future Sci OA, 5(4), Fso391. doi:10.4155/fsoa-2019-0004

Didier, A. J., Stiene, J., Fang, L., Watkins, D., Dworkin, L. D., & Creeden, J. F. (2023). Antioxidant and Anti-Tumor Effects of Dietary Vitamins A, C, and E. Antioxidants, 12(3), 632. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/3/632

Gatt, M., Reddy, B. S., & Macfie, J. (2007). Review article: bacterial translocation in the critically ill – evidence and methods of prevention. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 25(7), 741-757. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03174.x

Hirota, K., & Semenza, G. L. (2005). Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 by prolyl and asparaginyl hydroxylases. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 338(1), 610-616. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.193

Ivory, K., Prieto, E., Spinks, C., Armah, C. N., Goldson, A. J., Dainty, J. R., & Nicoletti, C. (2017). Selenium supplementation has beneficial and detrimental effects on immunity to influenza vaccine in older adults. Clin Nutr, 36(2), 407-415. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.003

Kaur, A. P., Bhardwaj, S., Dhanjal, D. S., Nepovimova, E., Cruz-Martins, N., Kuča, K., Kumar, D. (2021). Plant Prebiotics and Their Role in the Amelioration of Diseases. Biomolecules, 11(3). doi:10.3390/biom11030440

Khan, S. H., & Ansari, F. A. (2007). Probiotics--the friendly bacteria with market potential in global market. Pak J Pharm Sci, 20(1), 76-82.

Khan, S. U., Lone, A. N., Khan, M. S., Virani, S. S., Blumenthal, R. S., Nasir, K., Bhatt, D. L. (2021). Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine, 38. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100997

Lee, M. H., Lu, K., Hazard, S., Yu, H., Shulenin, S., Hidaka, H., Patel, S. B. (2001). Identification of a gene, ABCG5, important in the regulation of dietary cholesterol absorption. Nat Genet, 27(1), 79-83. doi:10.1038/83799

Letenneur, L., Proust-Lima, C., Le Gouge, A., Dartigues, J. F., & Barberger-Gateau, P. (2007). Flavonoid intake and cognitive decline over a 10-year period. Am J Epidemiol, 165(12), 1364-1371. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm036

Liu, J., Hefni, M. E., & Witthöft, C. M. (2020). Characterization of Flavonoid Compounds in Common Swedish Berry Species. Foods, 9(3), 358. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/3/358

López-Varela, S., González-Gross, M., & Marcos, A. (2002). Functional foods and the immune system: a review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56(3), S29-S33. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601481

uo, M., Zhou, L., Huang, Z., Li, B., Nice, E. C., Xu, J., & Huang, C. (2022). Antioxidant Therapy in Cancer: Rationale and Progress. Antioxidants (Basel), 11(6). doi:10.3390/antiox11061128

Maggini, S., Beveridge, S., Sorbara, P., & Senatore, G. (2008). Feeding the immune system: the role of micronutrients in restoring resistance to infections (Vol. 2008): CABI International.

Makhmudova, U., Schulze, P. C., Lütjohann, D., & Weingärtner, O. (2021). Phytosterols and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 23(11), 68. doi:10.1007/s11883-021-00964-x

Maldonado Galdeano, C., Cazorla, S. I., Lemme Dumit, J. M., Vélez, E., & Perdigón, G. (2019). Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System. Ann Nutr Metab, 74(2), 115-124. doi:10.1159/000496426

Malik, J. K., Ahmad, A. H., Kalpana, S., Prakash, A., & Gupta, R. C. (2016). Chapter 57 - Synbiotics: Safety and Toxicity Considerations. In R. C. Gupta (Ed.), Nutraceuticals (pp. 811-822). Boston: Academic Press.

Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., & Rotondo, J. C. (2023). Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Cells, 12(1). doi:10.3390/cells12010184

Mokgobu, M. I., Cholo, M. C., Anderson, R., Steel, H. C., Motheo, M. P., Hlatshwayo, T. N., Theron, A. J. (2015). Oxidative induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine formation by human monocyte-derived macrophages following exposure to manganese in vitro. Journal of immunotoxicology, 12(1), 98-103.

Pecora, F., Persico, F., Argentiero, A., Neglia, C., & Esposito, S. (2020). The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections. Nutrients, 12(10). doi:10.3390/nu12103198

Phaniendra, A., Jestadi, D. B., & Periyasamy, L. (2015). Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem, 30(1), 11-26. doi:10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0

Rasines-Perea, Z., & Teissedre, P.-L. (2017a). Grape Polyphenols' Effects in Human Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes. Molecules, 22(1). doi:10.3390/molecules22010068

Rasines-Perea, Z., & Teissedre, P.-L. (2017b). molecules Grape Polyphenols' Effects in Human Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes. Molecules, 22, 1-19. doi:10.3390/molecules22010068

Rizzardini, G., Eskesen, D., Calder, P. C., Capetti, A., Jespersen, L., & Clerici, M. (2012). Evaluation of the immune benefits of two probiotic strains Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis, BB-12® and Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, L. casei 431® in an influenza vaccination model: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Nutrition, 107(6), 876-884. doi:10.1017/S000711451100420X

Saeed, F., Nadeem, M., Ahmed, R. S., Tahir Nadeem, M., Arshad, M. S., & Ullah, A. (2016). Studying the impact of nutritional immunology underlying the modulation of immune responses by nutritional compounds – a review. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 27(2), 205-229. doi:10.1080/09540105.2015.1079600

Sartorius, N. (2006). The meanings of health and its promotion. Croat Med J, 47(4), 662-664.

Sawicki, C. M., Livingston, K. A., Obin, M., Roberts, S. B., Chung, M., & McKeown, N. M. (2017). Dietary Fiber and the Human Gut Microbiota: Application of Evidence Mapping Methodology. Nutrients, 9(2). doi:10.3390/nu9020125

Sivaprakasapillai, B., Edirisinghe, I., Randolph, J., Steinberg, F., & Kappagoda, T. (2009). Effect of grape seed extract on blood pressure in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism, 58(12), 1743-1746. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.030

van den Nieuwboer, M., van de Burgwal, L. H. M., & Claassen, E. (2016). A quantitative key-opinion-leader analysis of innovation barriers in probiotic research and development: Valorisation and improving the tech transfer cycle. PharmaNutrition, 4(1), 9-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2015.09.003

Vera-Santander, V. E., Hernández-Figueroa, R. H., Jiménez-Munguía, M. T., Mani-López, E., & López-Malo, A. (2023). Health Benefits of Consuming Foods with Bacterial Probiotics, Postbiotics, and Their Metabolites: A Review. Molecules, 28(3). doi:10.3390/molecules28031230

Vitiñi, E., Alvarez, S., Medina, M., Medici, M., de Budeguer, M. V., & Perdigón, G. (2000). Gut mucosal immunostimulation by lactic acid bacteria. Biocell, 24(3), 223-232.

Wu, Q., Mu, Q., Xia, Z., Min, J., & Wang, F. (2021). Manganese homeostasis at the host-pathogen interface and in the host immune system. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 115, 45-53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.006

Abe, M., Akbar, F., Matsuura, B., Horiike, N., & Onji, M. (2003). Defective antigen-presenting capacity of murine dendritic cells during starvation. Nutrition, 19(3), 265-269. doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00854-7

Aguiar, L. M., Geraldi, M. V., Betim Cazarin, C. B., & Maróstica Junior, M. R. (2019). Chapter 11 - Functional Food Consumption and Its Physiological Effects. In M. R. S. Campos (Ed.), Bioactive Compounds (pp. 205-225): Woodhead Publishing.

Alenazy, M. F., Aljohar, H. I., Alruwaili, A. R., Daghestani, M. H., Alonazi, M. A., Labban, R. S., Balto, H. A. (2022). Gut Microbiota Dynamics in Relation to Long-COVID-19 Syndrome: Role of Probiotics to Combat Psychiatric Complications. Metabolites, 12(10). doi:10.3390/metabo12100912

Ashwell, M. (2004). Concepts of Functional Food. Nutrition & Food Science, 34(1), 47-47. doi:10.1108/nfs.2004.34.1.47.3

Cárcamo, J. M., Pedraza, A., Bórquez-Ojeda, O., Zhang, B., Sanchez, R., & Golde, D. W. (2004). Vitamin C is a kinase inhibitor: dehydroascorbic acid inhibits IkappaBalpha kinase beta. Mol Cell Biol, 24(15), 6645-6652. doi:10.1128/mcb.24.15.6645-6652.2004

Casadesus, G., Shukitt-Hale, B., Stellwagen, H. M., Zhu, X., Lee, H. G., Smith, M. A., & Joseph, J. A. (2004). Modulation of hippocampal plasticity and cognitive behavior by short-term blueberry supplementation in aged rats. Nutr Neurosci, 7(5-6), 309-316. doi:10.1080/10284150400020482

Childs, C. E., Röytiö, H., Alhoniemi, E., Fekete, A. A., Forssten, S. D., Hudjec, N., Gibson, G. R. (2014). Xylo-oligosaccharides alone or in synbiotic combination with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis induce bifidogenesis and modulate markers of immune function in healthy adults: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, factorial cross-over study. British Journal of Nutrition, 111(11), 1945-1956. doi:10.1017/S0007114513004261

Committee on Opportunities in the Nutrition and Food Sciences and Nutrition Board. (1994). Opportunities in the nutrition and food sciences: research challenges and the next generation of investigators. Special Committee of the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences. In The Journal of Nutrition (1994/06/01 ed., Vol. 124, pp. 763-769).

Day, R. L., Harper, A. J., Woods, R. M., Davies, O. G., & Heaney, L. M. (2019). Probiotics: current landscape and future horizons. Future Sci OA, 5(4), Fso391. doi:10.4155/fsoa-2019-0004

Didier, A. J., Stiene, J., Fang, L., Watkins, D., Dworkin, L. D., & Creeden, J. F. (2023). Antioxidant and Anti-Tumor Effects of Dietary Vitamins A, C, and E. Antioxidants, 12(3), 632. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/3/632

Gatt, M., Reddy, B. S., & Macfie, J. (2007). Review article: bacterial translocation in the critically ill – evidence and methods of prevention. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 25(7), 741-757. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03174.x

Hirota, K., & Semenza, G. L. (2005). Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 by prolyl and asparaginyl hydroxylases. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 338(1), 610-616. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.193

Ivory, K., Prieto, E., Spinks, C., Armah, C. N., Goldson, A. J., Dainty, J. R., & Nicoletti, C. (2017). Selenium supplementation has beneficial and detrimental effects on immunity to influenza vaccine in older adults. Clin Nutr, 36(2), 407-415. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.003

Kaur, A. P., Bhardwaj, S., Dhanjal, D. S., Nepovimova, E., Cruz-Martins, N., Kuča, K., Kumar, D. (2021). Plant Prebiotics and Their Role in the Amelioration of Diseases. Biomolecules, 11(3). doi:10.3390/biom11030440

Khan, S. H., & Ansari, F. A. (2007). Probiotics--the friendly bacteria with market potential in global market. Pak J Pharm Sci, 20(1), 76-82.

Khan, S. U., Lone, A. N., Khan, M. S., Virani, S. S., Blumenthal, R. S., Nasir, K., Bhatt, D. L. (2021). Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine, 38. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100997

Lee, M. H., Lu, K., Hazard, S., Yu, H., Shulenin, S., Hidaka, H., Patel, S. B. (2001). Identification of a gene, ABCG5, important in the regulation of dietary cholesterol absorption. Nat Genet, 27(1), 79-83. doi:10.1038/83799

Letenneur, L., Proust-Lima, C., Le Gouge, A., Dartigues, J. F., & Barberger-Gateau, P. (2007). Flavonoid intake and cognitive decline over a 10-year period. Am J Epidemiol, 165(12), 1364-1371. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm036

Liu, J., Hefni, M. E., & Witthöft, C. M. (2020). Characterization of Flavonoid Compounds in Common Swedish Berry Species. Foods, 9(3), 358. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/3/358

López-Varela, S., González-Gross, M., & Marcos, A. (2002). Functional foods and the immune system: a review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56(3), S29-S33. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601481

Luo, M., Zhou, L., Huang, Z., Li, B., Nice, E. C., Xu, J., & Huang, C. (2022). Antioxidant Therapy in Cancer: Rationale and Progress. Antioxidants (Basel), 11(6). doi:10.3390/antiox11061128

Maggini, S., Beveridge, S., Sorbara, P., & Senatore, G. (2008). Feeding the immune system: the role of micronutrients in restoring resistance to infections (Vol. 2008): CABI International.

Makhmudova, U., Schulze, P. C., Lütjohann, D., & Weingärtner, O. (2021). Phytosterols and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 23(11), 68. doi:10.1007/s11883-021-00964-x

Maldonado Galdeano, C., Cazorla, S. I., Lemme Dumit, J. M., Vélez, E., & Perdigón, G. (2019). Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System. Ann Nutr Metab, 74(2), 115-124. doi:10.1159/000496426

Malik, J. K., Ahmad, A. H., Kalpana, S., Prakash, A., & Gupta, R. C. (2016). Chapter 57 - Synbiotics: Safety and Toxicity Considerations. In R. C. Gupta (Ed.), Nutraceuticals (pp. 811-822). Boston: Academic Press.

Mazziotta, C., Tognon, M., Martini, F., Torreggiani, E., & Rotondo, J. C. (2023). Probiotics Mechanism of Action on Immune Cells and Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Cells, 12(1). doi:10.3390/cells12010184

Mokgobu, M. I., Cholo, M. C., Anderson, R., Steel, H. C., Motheo, M. P., Hlatshwayo, T. N., Theron, A. J. (2015). Oxidative induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine formation by human monocyte-derived macrophages following exposure to manganese in vitro. Journal of immunotoxicology, 12(1), 98-103.

Pecora, F., Persico, F., Argentiero, A., Neglia, C., & Esposito, S. (2020). The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections. Nutrients, 12(10). doi:10.3390/nu12103198

Phaniendra, A., Jestadi, D. B., & Periyasamy, L. (2015). Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem, 30(1), 11-26. doi:10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0

Rasines-Perea, Z., & Teissedre, P.-L. (2017a). Grape Polyphenols' Effects in Human Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes. Molecules, 22(1). doi:10.3390/molecules22010068

Rasines-Perea, Z., & Teissedre, P.-L. (2017b). molecules Grape Polyphenols' Effects in Human Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes. Molecules, 22, 1-19. doi:10.3390/molecules22010068

Rizzardini, G., Eskesen, D., Calder, P. C., Capetti, A., Jespersen, L., & Clerici, M. (2012). Evaluation of the immune benefits of two probiotic strains Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis, BB-12® and Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei, L. casei 431® in an influenza vaccination model: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Nutrition, 107(6), 876-884. doi:10.1017/S000711451100420X

Saeed, F., Nadeem, M., Ahmed, R. S., Tahir Nadeem, M., Arshad, M. S., & Ullah, A. (2016). Studying the impact of nutritional immunology underlying the modulation of immune responses by nutritional compounds – a review. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 27(2), 205-229. doi:10.1080/09540105.2015.1079600

Sartorius, N. (2006). The meanings of health and its promotion. Croat Med J, 47(4), 662-664.

Sawicki, C. M., Livingston, K. A., Obin, M., Roberts, S. B., Chung, M., & McKeown, N. M. (2017). Dietary Fiber and the Human Gut Microbiota: Application of Evidence Mapping Methodology. Nutrients, 9(2). doi:10.3390/nu9020125

Sivaprakasapillai, B., Edirisinghe, I., Randolph, J., Steinberg, F., & Kappagoda, T. (2009). Effect of grape seed extract on blood pressure in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism, 58(12), 1743-1746. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.030

van den Nieuwboer, M., van de Burgwal, L. H. M., & Claassen, E. (2016). A quantitative key-opinion-leader analysis of innovation barriers in probiotic research and development: Valorisation and improving the tech transfer cycle. PharmaNutrition, 4(1), 9-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2015.09.003

Vera-Santander, V. E., Hernández-Figueroa, R. H., Jiménez-Munguía, M. T., Mani-López, E., & López-Malo, A. (2023). Health Benefits of Consuming Foods with Bacterial Probiotics, Postbiotics, and Their Metabolites: A Review. Molecules, 28(3). doi:10.3390/molecules28031230

Vitiñi, E., Alvarez, S., Medina, M., Medici, M., de Budeguer, M. V., & Perdigón, G. (2000). Gut mucosal immunostimulation by lactic acid bacteria. Biocell, 24(3), 223-232.

Wu, Q., Mu, Q., Xia, Z., Min, J., & Wang, F. (2021). Manganese homeostasis at the host-pathogen interface and in the host immune system. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 115, 45-53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.006

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