Optimizing ultrasound-assisted extraction for enhanced quantification of 7-hydroxymitragynine and mitragynine in kratom

Authors

  • Saowapa Chumanee Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Mueang, Phetchabun 67000 Thailand https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0077-620X
  • Jirawan Thunta Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Mueang, Phetchabun 67000 Thailand
  • Ruchira Khoomsab Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Mueang, Phetchabun 67000 Thailand
  • Chanakan Winyakul Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Mueang, Phetchabun 67000 Thailand

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55674/cs.v17i1.258707

Keywords:

Kratom, Mitragynine, 7-Hydroxymitragynine, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, HPLC

Abstract

This study focuses on optimizing the extraction of two key alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine, from kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) leaves using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The aim was to identify optimal extraction conditions by varying sample-to-liquid ratio, solvent types, methanol concentrations, ultrasonic power, and extraction time. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was used to quantify the alkaloids accurately. The results indicate that using a sample-to-liquid ratio of 0.5:10 g mL-1, 70% v/v methanol as the solvent, with an ultrasonic power of 175 watts, and a 10 min for extraction time, yielded the highest amounts of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. This method offers a reliable, efficient approach for extracting and quantifying these bioactive compounds, supporting the development of standardized kratom products for quality control. The study has practical applications for local farmers in Phetchabun province, improving the extraction process for kratom leaves.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

submission_258707_28238_coverImage_en_US.png

HIGHLIGHTS

  • Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE): the study focuses on optimizing the use of UAE for the efficient extraction of two key alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, from kratom leaves.
  • Optimal extraction conditions: the research identifies the best conditions for UAE, including solvent type, methanol concentration, ultrasonic power, and extraction time, to maximize the yield of the target compounds.
  • Quantitative analysis: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) was used for precise quantification, providing a reliable method for analyzing these alkaloids in kratom samples sourced from local farmers.

References

J. Heywood, S. Smallets, D. Paustenbach, Beneficial and adverse health effects of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): a critical review of the literature, Food Chem. Toxicol. 192 (2024) 114913. 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114913.

A. Amrianto, S.S.O. Ishak, N. Putra, S. Salsabila, L.M.R. Al Muqarrabun, Mitragynine: a review of its extraction, identification, and purification methods, Curr. Res. Biosci. Biotechnol. 3(1) (2021) 165-171. 10.5614/crbb.2021.3.1/ TMPNSA4H.

A. Shuayprom, S. Chaisomboonpan, S. Ontong, P. Thiemthieprat, S. Ruengkhet, T. Thongchin, Development and method validation of mitragynine contents in Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. leaves by ultra high performance liquid chromatography, J. Thai Trad. Alt. Med. 21(2) (2023) 414–432.

Kratom plant Act, 26 August 2022, Royal Gazette, 139 (Part 52A), 1-14.

S. Subtaeng, T. Kruatian, P. Jitpreeda, W. Wanitsuwan, Method validation for determination of mitragynine in kratom leaf extract by high performance liquid chromatography, Bull. Appl. Sci. 12(2) (2023) 10-22. 10.60136/bas.v12.2023.621.

R. Hossain, A. Sultana, M. Nuinoon, K. Noonong, J. Tangpong, K.H. Hossain, M.A. Rahman, A critical review of the neuropharmacological effects of kratom: an insight from the functional array of identified natural compounds, Molecules 28(21) (2023) 7372. 10.3390/molecules 28217372.

Y. Harahap, T.A. Rahmania, R.C.A. Pangsibidang, O. Nursanti, S. Tuba, C.T.M. Tambunan, C. Andriyani, P. Heryani, W. Ningtias, M. Luther, Development and validation of the quantification method for mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in kratom plant using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array, Azer. Med. J. 62(2) (2022) 4653-4660.

E.M. Mudge, P.N. Brown, Determination of mitragynine in Mitragyna speciosa raw materials and finished products by liquid chromatography with UV Detection: single-laboratory validation, J. AOAC Int. 100 (2017) 18–24. 10.5740/jaoacint.16-0220.

T. Karunakaran, Y.S. Goh, R. Santhanam, V. Murugaiyah, M.H. Abu Bakar, S. Ramanathan, RP-HPLC-DAD analysis of mitragynine content in Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (ketum) leaf extracts prepared using ultrasound assisted extraction technique and their cytotoxicity, Separations. 9(11) (2022) 345. 10.3390/separations9110345.

C.R. Casey, T. Conley, A. Heise, T. Thomas, P.R. Ayres, Quantitative and qualitative analysis of mitragynine in kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) by GC-MS, LC-MS/MS and UPLC-PDA, J. Reg. Sci. 3(2) (2015) 1–14. 10.21423/JRS-V03N02P001.

T.I. King, A. Sharma, S.H. Kamble, F. León, E.C. Berthold, R. Popa, O. Cerlati, B.M. Prentice, L.R. McMahon, C.R. McCurdy, B.A. Avery, Bioanalytical method development and validation of corynantheidine, a kratom alkaloid, using UPLC-MS/MS, and its application to preclinical pharmacokinetic studies, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 180 (2020) 113019. 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113019.

M. Islam, S. Malakar, M.V. Rao, N. Kumar, J.K. Sahu, Recent advancement in ultrasound-assisted novel technologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from herbal plants: a review, Food Sci. Biotechnol. 32(13) (2023) 1763–1782. 10.1007/s10068-023-01346-6.

A.M. Rusydan, E. Lukitaningsih, N. Fakhrudin, Modeling and optimization of Mitragyna speciosa extraction using Box Behnken design, Trad. Med. J. 26(3) (2021) 204-210. 10.22146/mot.68610.

N. Al-Shami, H. Naseef, R. Moqadi, F. Kanaze, HPLC method development and validation for the determination of apixaban and clopidogrel in novel fixed-Dose combination tablets, J. Chem. (2024) 2675736. 10.1155 /2024/2675 736.

P.N. Brown, J.A. Lund, S.J. Murch, A botanical, phytochemical and ethnomedicinal review of the genus Mitragyna korth: Implications for products sold as kratom, J. Ethnopharmacol. 202 (2017) 302–325. 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.020.

A. Firmansyah, M. Sundalian, M. Taufiq, Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth) for a new medicinal: a review of pharmacological and compound analysis, Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem. 11(2) (2021) 9704–9718. 10.33263/ BRIAC112.97049718.

L. Boffa, C. Ghè, A. Barge, G. Muccioli, G. Cravotto, Alkaloid profiles and activity in different Mitragyna speciosa strains, Nat. Prod. Commun. 13(9) (2018) 1111-1116. 10.1177/1934578X180130090.

M. Zhang, A. Sharma, F. León, B. Avery, R. Kjelgren, C.R. McCurdy, B.J. Pearson, Effects of nutrient fertility on growth and alkaloidal content in Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), Front. Plant Sci. 11 (2020) 10.3389/fpls.2020. 597696.

N. Sengnon, P. Vonghirundecha, W. Chaichan, T. Juengwatanatrakul, J. Onthong, P. Kitprasong, S. Sriwiriyajan, S. Chittrakarn, S. Limsuwanchote, J. Wungsintaweekul, Seasonal and geographic variation in alkaloid content of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.) from Thailand, Plants 12(4) (2023) 949. 10.3390/plants12040949.

Downloads

Published

2024-12-04

How to Cite

Chumanee, S., Thunta, J., Khoomsab, R., & Winyakul, C. (2024). Optimizing ultrasound-assisted extraction for enhanced quantification of 7-hydroxymitragynine and mitragynine in kratom . Creative Science, 17(1), 258707. https://doi.org/10.55674/cs.v17i1.258707

Issue

Vol. 17 No. 1 (2025): Creative Science (January - April 2025) (Upcoming Issue)

Section

Research Article

Categories

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Creative Science

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.