Influence of Mill Scale Waste as Sand Replacement in Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Mortar on Physical, Mechanical, and Post-Fire Behaviors
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This research investigated the use of mill scale waste (MS) to replace river sand (RS) in fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. The replacement at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 % by volume was studied, along with variations in the alkaline solution-to-fly ash ratio (L/FA) at 0.55, 0.60, and 0.65. The workability, compressive strength, density, porosity, water absorption, and post-fire behavior at 400, 700, and 1,000 oC were analyzed. The results showed that increasing MS decreased the flow value. Compressive strength at 5 - 15 % replacement was significantly higher than that of only RS using, with about 1.1 to 19.8 %. Furthermore, density increased with increasing volume of MS. Increasing MS volume in the mixture resulted in a slight decrease in water absorption despite an increase in porosity. After being exposed to high temperatures, the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortar decreased across all temperature ranges. However, the replacement with MS showed a tendency to reduce weight loss and increased normalized residual compressive strength, specifically, at 1,000 oC, using 20 % RS, the residual compressive strength achieves a maximum at 90 % compared to before heating. The research results demonstrate that MS can be used as an effective alternative aggregate for improving strength and enhancing high-temperature resistance. Furthermore, it promotes the recycling of industrial waste materials.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
American Society for Testing and Materials. (2006). ASTM C136-06 Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates. ASTM International.
American Society for Testing and Materials. (2007). ASTM C1437-07 Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar. In ASTM International. ASTM International.
American Society for Testing and Materials. (2009). ASTM C29/C29M-09 Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (“ Unit Weight ”) and Voids in Aggregate. ASTM International.
American Society for Testing and Materials. (2011). ASTM C33/C33M-11 Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates. ASTM International.
American Society for Testing and Materials. (2013). ASTM C109/C109M-13 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens). ASTM International.
American Society for Testing and Materials. (2013). ASTM C642-13 Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete. ASTM International.
American Society for Testing and Materials. (2019). ASTM C618-19 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete. ASTM International.
American Society for Testing and Materials. (2022). ASTM C128-22 Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate. ASTM International.
Bagatini, M.C., Fernandes, T., Silva, R., Galvão, D.F. and Flores, I.V. (2020). Mill Scale and Flue Dust Briquettes as Alternative Burden to Low Height Blast Furnaces. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124332
Bautista-Marín, J.D., Esguerra-Arce, A. and Esguerra-Arce, J. (2021). Use of an Industrial Solid Waste as a Pigment in Clay Bricks and its Effects on the Mechanical Properties. Construction and Building Materials, 306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124848
Chindaprasirt, P., Lao-un, J., Zaetang, Y., Wongkvanklom, A., Phoo-ngernkham, T., Wongsa, A. and Sata, V. (2022). Thermal Insulating and Fire Resistance Performances of Geopolymer Mortar Containing Auto Glass Waste as Fine Aggregate. Journal of Building Engineering, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105178
Choi, S.C. and Lee, W.K. (2012). Effect of Fe2O3 on the Physical Property of Geopolymer Paste. Advanced Materials Research, 586, 126-129. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.586.126
Chousidis, N., Rakanta, E., Ioannou, I. and Batis, G. (2016). Influence of Iron Mill Scale Additive on the Physico-Mechanical Properties and Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete. Advances in Cement Research, 28(6), 389-402. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.15.00129
Duxson, P., Fernández-Jiménez, A., Provis, J.L., Lukey, G.C., Palomo, A. and Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2007). Geopolymer Technology: The Current State of the Art. Journal of Materials Science, 42, 2917-2933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z
Estephane, P., Garboczi, E.J., Bullard, J.W. and Wallevik, O.H. (2019). Three-Dimensional Shape Characterization of Fine Sands and the Influence of Particle Shape on the Packing and Workability of Mortars. Cement and Concrete Composites, 97, 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.018
Fröhling, M. and Rentz, O. (2010). A Case Study on Raw Material Blending for the Recycling of Ferrous Wastes in a Blast Furnace. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(2), 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.08.002
Furlani, E. and Maschio, S. (2016). Steel Scale Waste as Component in Mortars Production: An Experimental Study. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 4, 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2016.02.001
Hebbache, K., Boutlikht, M., Douadi, A., Belebchouche, C., Benrebouh, I., Hammouche, R., Moretti, L., Chajec, A. and Czarnecki, S. (2024). Integrated Techno-Environmental Analysis of Finely Ground Silica Sand in Sustainable Mortar Production. Buildings, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103295
Kumar, S., Yankwa Djobo, J.N., Kumar, A. and Kumar, S. (2016). Geopolymerization Behavior of Fine Iron-Rich Fraction of Brown Fly Ash. Journal of Building Engineering, 8, 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.08.005
Nath, P. and Sarker, P.K. (2014). Effect of GGBFS on Setting, Workability and Early Strength Properties of Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete Cured in Ambient Condition. Construction and Building Materials, 66, 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.080
Nuaklong, P., Boonchoo, N., Jongvivatsakul, P., Charinpanitkul, T. and Sukontasukkul, P. (2021). Hybrid Effect of Carbon Nanotubes and Polypropylene Fibers on Mechanical Properties and Fire Resistance of Cement Mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122189
Ozturk, M., Depci, T., Karaaslan, M., Sevim, U.K., Akgol, O. and Ozdemir Hacioglu, S. (2020). Synergetic Effect of Waste Tire Rubber and Mil Scale on Electromagnetic Wave Attenuation Properties of New Generation Mortar. Journal of Building Engineering, 30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101249
Rashad, A.M. (2013). Metakaolin as Cementitious Material: History, Scours, Production and Composition - A Comprehensive Overview. Construction and Building Materials, 41, 303-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.001
Sedaghatdoost, A. and Behfarnia, K. (2018). Mechanical Properties of Portland Cement Mortar Containing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes at Elevated Temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 176, 482-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.095
Wongsa, A., Sata, V., Nuaklong, P. and Chindaprasirt, P. (2018). Use of Crushed Clay Brick and Pumice Aggregates in Lightweight Geopolymer Concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 188, 1025-1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.176
Zhang, Z. and Wang, H. (2015). 9 - Analysing the Relation Between Pore Structure and Permeability of Alkali-Activated Concrete Binders. Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes, 235-264. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781782422884.2.235
