Optimal Composition on Surface Roughness of Wood-Plastic Composites Using Mixture Design and Response Surface Methodology
Keywords:
Mixture design, Rubberwood sawdust, Talcum, Surface roughness, Water absorptionAbstract
Mixture design and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to design and predict the optimal formulation of wood-plastic composites. The results show that the recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) and rubberwood sawdust (RWS) significantly affected on all of the properties for composite materials. Additionally, the contour plot and overlay plot showed the optimal prediction of regression model for all of the responses. The optimal formulation was 55.0 wt% rHDPE, 35.0 wt% RWS, and 6.0 wt% TC, and the constant of MAPE and WAX were 3.0 wt% and 1.0 wt% with desirability of 93.60%. To confirm the validity of the experimental and the response values, the comparison of the responses from the prediction and the actual experiment was investigated. The experimental results were found to be in a good agreement between the predicted and observed results from RSM within a 1.25% error with highest standard deviation of 1.24 from thickness swelling testing, respectively.
References
T. Ratanawilai, P. Lekanukit and S. Urapantamas, “Effect of Rubberwood and Palm Oil Content on the Properties of Wood Polyvinyl Chloride Composites,” Journal of Thermoplastic Composites Material, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 719–730, 2014, doi: 10.1177/0892705712454863.
A. Zolfaghari, A. H. Behravesh and P. Shahi, “Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Wood–Plastic Composites Reinforced with Continuous and Noncontinuous Glass Fibers,” Journal of Thermoplastic Composites Material, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 791–805, 2015, doi: 10.1177/0892705713503676.
N. Ayrilmis, U. Buyuksari and T. Dundar, “Waste Pine Cones as a Source of Reinforcing Fillers for Thermoplastic Composites,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 2324–2330, 2010, doi:10.1002/app.32076.
G. Sui, M. A. Fuqua, C. A. Ulven and W. H. Zhong, “A Plant Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Prepared by a Twin-Screw Extruder,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 1246–1251, 2009, doi: .10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.065
D. Akesson, T. Fuchs, M. Stoss, A. Root, E. Stanvall, M. Skrifvars, “Recycling of Wood Fiber-Reinforced HDPE by Multiple Reprocessing,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 133, no. 35, pp: 1–8, 2016, . doi:10.1002/app.43877.
E. O. Olakanmi, E. A. Ogunesan, E. Vunain, R. A. Lafia-Araga, M. Doyoyo and R. Meijboom, “Mechanism of Fiber/Matrix Bond and Properties of Wood Polymer Composites Produced From Alkaline-Treated Daniella oliveri Wood Flour,” Journal of Polymer Composites, vol. 37, no.9, pp. 2657–2672, 2016, doi: 10.1002/pc.23460.
K. Chaochanchaikul, V. Rosarpitak and N. Sombatsompop, “Photodegradation Profiles of PVC Compound and Wood/PVC Composites under UV Weathering,” Express Polymer Letters, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 146–160, 2013, doi:10.3144/expresspolymlett.2013.14.
B. Kord, A. Varshoei and V. Chamany, “Influence of Chemical Foaming Agent on the Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of HDPE/Wood Flour/Nanoclay Composites,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 30, no. 13, pp. 1115–1124, 2011, doi: 10.1177/0731684411417200.
I. Michalska Pozoga, R. Tomkowski, T. Rydzkowski and V. K. Thakur, “Towards the Usage of Image Analysis Technique to Measure Particles Size and Composition in Wood-Polymer Composites,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 92, pp. 149–156, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.08.005.
C. Homkhiew, T. Ratanawilai and W. Thongruang, “The Optimal Formulation of Recycled Polypropylene/Rubberwood Flour Composites From Experiments with Mixture Design,” Composites Part B-Engineering, vol. 56: pp. 350–357, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.041.
C. Srivabut, T. Ratanawilai and S. Hiziroglie, “Statistical Modeling and Response Surface Optimization on Natural Weathering of Wood-Plastic Composites with Calcium Carbonate Filler,” Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, vol. 23, pp. 1503–1517, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10163-021-01230-7.
S. Khamtree, T. Ratanawilai and S. Ratanawilai, “The Effect of Alkaline-Silane Treatment of Rubberwood Flour for Water Absorption and Mechanical Properties of Plastic Composites,” Journal of Thermoplastic Composites Material, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 599–613, 2020, doi: 10.1177/0892705718808556.
T. Ratanawilai and K. Taneerat, “Alternative Polymeric Matrices for Wood-Plastic Composites: Effects on Mechanical Properties and Resistance to Natural Weathering,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 172, pp. 349–357, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.266.
C. Srivabut, T. Ratanawilai and S. Hiziroglie, “Effect of Nanoclay, Talcum, and Calcium Carbonate as Filler on Properties of Composites Manufactured From Recycled Polypropylene and Rubberwood Fiber,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 162, pp. 450–458, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.048.
L. Soccalingame, A. Bourmaud, D. Perrin, J. C. Benezet and A. Bergeret, “Reprocessing of Wood Flour Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: Impact of Particle Size and Coupling Agent on Composite and Particle Properties,” Polymer Degradation Stability, vol. 113, pp. 72–85, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.01.020.
R. Z. Huang, C. T. Mei, X. W. Xu, T. Karki, S. Lee and Q. L. Wu, “Effect of Hybrid Talc-Basalt Fillers in the Shell Layer on Thermal and Mechanical Performance of Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composites,” Materials, vol. 8, no.12, 8510–8523, 2015, doi: 10.3390/ma8125473.
R. Z. Huang, B. J. Kim, S. Lee, Z. Yang, Q. L. Wu, “Co-Extruded Wood-Plastic Composites with Talc-Filled Shells: Morphology, Mechanical, and Thermal Expansion Performance,” BioResources, vol. 8, no. 2: pp. 2283–2299, 2013.
H. Essabir, R. Boujmal, M. O. Bensalah, D. Rodrigue, R. Bouhfid and A. E. Qaiss, “Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hybrid Composites: Oil-Palm Fiber/Clay Reinforced High Density Polyethylene,” Mechanics of Materials, vol. 98, pp. 36–43, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2016.04.008.
C. Homkhiewa, T. Ratanawilaia and W. Thongruangb, “Effects of Natural Weathering on the Properties of Recycled Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Rubberwood Flour,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 56, pp. 52–59, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.02.034
C. Srivabut, T. Ratanawilai and S. Hiziroglie, “Response Surface Optimization and Statistical Analysis of Composites Made From Calcium Carbonate Filler-Added Recycled Polypropylene and Rubberwood Fiber,” Journal of Thermoplastic Composites Material, 2019, doi: 10.1177/0892705719889988.
Mixture Design, Design-Expert v11, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.statease.com/docs/v11/tutorials/mixture-designs/
C. Homkhiew and T. Ratanawilai, "Optimal Proportions of Composites from Polypropylene and Rubberwood Flour after Water Immersion Using Experimental Design," KKU Research Journal, vol. 19, pp. 780–793, 2014.
N. Ayrilmis, S. Korkut, E. Tanritanir, J. E. Winandy and S. Hiziroglu, “Effect of Various Fire Retardants on Surface Roughness of Plywood,” Building and Environment, vol. 41, no 7. pp. 887–892, 2006, doi:doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.04.011.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The published articles are copyrighted by the School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang.
The statements contained in each article in this academic journal are the personal opinions of each author and are not related to King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang and other faculty members in the institute.
Responsibility for all elements of each article belongs to each author; If there are any mistakes, each author is solely responsible for his own articles.
