Advancement of pozzolanic activity assessment by electrical conductivity measurement techniques: From past to present
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Abstract
This article aims to present the evolution and advancement of applying Electrical Conductivity (EC) measurement techniques for evaluating the quality and pozzolanic reactivity of materials, which was developed to overcome the limitations of traditional test methods, such as the Strength Activity Index (SAI), which are time-consuming and often subject to inaccuracies caused by physical impacts (packing effect). The EC technique is a rapid indirect method that monitors the reduction of calcium ions in a Portland cement solution under a controlled temperature of 80 °C, which can classify preliminary material reactivity trends within merely 24–28 hours. Based on relevant studies to date, this technique is widely accepted for analyzing the potential of complex novel alternative materials, such as activated stockpile ashes, agricultural biomass ashes, and binary blends. Statistical data confirm that the reduction in electrical conductivity exhibits a significant correlation with traditional standard test methods. However, this technique still has limitations that require precaution when assessing materials with soluble salts, high calcium content, or hidden calcite. Ultimately, the conclusion of the study indicates that the EC technique is a highly efficient preliminary screening tool, which, when considered in conjunction with chemical composition analysis, will help shorten the research time for new Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs).
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