Appraising the impacts of binary blends of limestone powder – metakaolin mixtures on the geomechanical behaviour of black fine-grained soil and its microstructural evolution
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study strives for the usage of zero - cement/lime binders on the geomechanical performance of black fine-grained soil ameliorated with the mixtures of waste derivatives. In a nutshell, this study is aimed at appraising the impacts of limestone powder (LP) and metakaolin powder (MP) on black expansive soil (BES) via mechanical and microstructural means. During the compaction testing, an increment in the dosage of additive materials resulted in a gradual increase in maximum dry density (MDDs) with a corresponding decline in optimum moisture contents (OMCs). The strength testing revealed that the incorporation of the LP-MP prompted a significant rate of improvement and it was affirmed through qualitative analysis. Furthermore, both the original and additive-treated soil materials were examined qualitatively via the means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The result from the SEM testing indicates well-compacted soil chemistry whereas the EDS revealed higher peaks of aluminosilicate minerals which is a good pointer towards soil improvement.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Etim RK, Usanga IN, Ekpo DU, Attah IC. Material characterization and statistical evaluation of properties of hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) used in wearing course of road pavement; Southern Nigeria. Építőanyag – Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials. 2022;74(5):196-205.
Nalbantoğlu Z. Effectiveness of class C fly ash as an expansive soil stabilizer. Constr Build Mater. 2004;18(6):377-81.
Ogila WAM. The impact of natural ornamental limestone dust on swelling characteristics of high expansive soils. Environ Earth Sci. 2016;75(24):1493.
Blayi RA, Sherwani AFH, Ibrahim HH, Faraj RH, Daraei A. Strength improvement of expansive soil by utilizing waste glass powder. Case Stud Constr Mater. 2020;13:e00427.
Darvishi A, Vosoughifar H, Saeidijam S, Torabi M, Rahmani A. An experimental and prediction study on the compaction and swell–expansion behavior of bentonite clay containing various percentages of two different synthetic fibers. Innov Infrastruct Solut. 2020;5:1-15.
Dang LC, Fatahi B, Khabbaz H. Behaviour of expansive soils stabilized with hydrated lime and bagasse fibres. Procedia Eng. 2016;143:658-65.
Oluwatuyi OE, Ojuri OO. Environmental performance of lime–rice husk ash stabilized lateritic soil contaminated with lead or naphthalene. Geotech Geol Eng. 2017;35(6):2947-64.
Etim RK, Attah IC, Yohanna P, Eshiet SJ Geotechnical properties of lateritic soil treated with periwinkle shell ash. Proceedings of 16th International Conference and Annual General Meeting 2018; 2018 Oct 24-26; Calabar, Nigeria. Calabar: Nigerian Institution of Civil Engineers; 2018. p. 148-56.
Seco A, Ramírez F, Miqueleiz L, García B. Stabilization of expansive soils for use in construction. Appl Clay Sci. 2011;51(3):348-52.
Ibrahim HH, Alshkane YM, Mawlood YI, Gharrib Noori KM, Hasan AM. Improving the geotechnical properties of high expansive clay using limestone powder. Innov Infrastruct Solut. 2020;5:1-11.
Attah IC, Okafor FO, Ugwu OO. Durability performance of expansive soil ameliorated with binary blend of additives for infrastructure delivery. Innov Infrastruct Solut. 2022;7:1-14.
Dao PL, Bui VD, Onyelowe KC, Ebid AM, Le VD, Ahaneku IE. Effect of metakaolin on the mechanical properties of lateritic soil. Geotech Res. 2022;9(4):211-8.
Mesfn A, Yifru W, Getu N, Kifle D, Sewunet A, Tamene M. Effects of solid beer factory waste as a partial replacement of gypsum for stabilization of weak subgrade soil. Int J Pavement Res Technol. 2023;16:1522-35.
Gul N, Mir BA. Influence of glass fiber and cement kiln dust on physicochemical and geomechanical properties of fine grained soil. Innov Infrastruct Solut. 2022;7:1-15.
Etim RK, Attah IC, Yohanna P. Experimental study on potential of oyster shell ash in structural strength improvement of lateritic soil for road construction. Int J Pavement Res Technol. 2020;13(4):341-51.
Attah IC, Etim RK, Sani JE. Response of oyster shell ash blended cement concrete in sulphuric acid environment. Civ Environ Res. 2019;11(4):62-74.
Attah IC, Etim RK, Yohanna P, Usanga IN. Understanding the effect of compaction energies on the strength indices and durability of oyster shell ash-lateritic soil mixtures for use in road works. Eng Appl Sci Res. 2021;48(2):151-60.
Pastor JL, Tomás R, Cano M, Riquelme A, Gutiérrez E. Evaluation of the improvement effect of limestone powder waste in the stabilization of swelling clayey soil. Sustainability. 2019;11(3):679.
Bazarbekova A, Shon CS, Kissambinova A, Kim JR, Zhang D, Moon SW. Potential of limestone powder to improve the stabilization of sulfate-contained saline soil. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng. 2021;1040:012016.
Ewa DE, Egbe EA, Ukpata JO, Etika A. Sustainable subgrade improvement using limestone dust and sugarcane bagasse ash. Sustain Technol Entrep. 2023;2(1):100028.
Sujatha ER, Dharini K, Bharathi V. Influence of groundnut shell ash on strength and durability properties of clay. Geomech Geoengin. 2016;11(1):20-7.
Sani JE, Yohanna P, Etim RK, Attah IC, Bayang F. Unconfined compressive strength of compacted lateritic soil treated with selected admixtures for geotechnical applications. Nigerian Res J Eng Environ Sci. 2019;4(2):801-15.
Etim RK, Attah IC, Bassey OB. Assessment of periwinkle shell ash blended cement concrete in crude oil polluted environment. FUW Trends Sci Technol J. 2017;2(2):879-85.
Etim RK, Attah IC, Eberemu AO, Yohanna P. Compaction behaviour of periwinkle shell ash treated lateritic soil for use as road sub-base construction material. J GeoEng. 2019;14(3):179-90.
Attah IC, Agunwamba JC, Etim RK, Ogarekpe NM. Modelling and predicting of CBR values of lateritic soil treated with metakaolin for road material. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci. 2019;14(20):3609-18.
Alaneme GU, Attah IC, Etim RK, Dimonyeka MU. Mechanical properties optimization of soil - cement kiln dust mixture using extreme vertex design. Int J Pavement Res Technol. 2022;15(3):719-50.
Alaneme GU, Attah IC, Mbadike EM, Dimonyeka MU, Usanga IN, Nwankwo HF. Mechanical strength optimization and simulation of cement kiln dust concrete using extreme vertex design method. Nanotechnol Environ Eng. 2022;7(2):467-90.
Attah IC, Etim RK, Alaneme GU, Ekpo DU, Usanga IN. Scheffe’s approach for single additive optimization in selected soils amelioration studies for cleaner environment and sustainable subgrade materials. Clean Mater. 2022;5:100126.
Akeke GA, Nnaji CC, Udokpoh UU. Compressive strength optimization of rice husk ash concrete using Scheffe’s mathematical model. Építőanyag – Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials. 2022;74(4):129-35.
Attah IC, Etim RK, Alaneme GU, Bassey OB. Optimization of mechanical properties of rice husk ash concrete using Scheffe’s theory. SN Appl Sci. 2020;2:1-13.
Alaneme GU, Mbadike EM. Experimental investigation of bambara nut shell ash in the production of concrete and mortar. Innov Infrastruct Solut. 2021;6:1-13.
Onyelowe K, Alaneme G, Igboayaka C, Orji F, Ugwuanyi H, Bui Van D. et al. Schefe optimization of swelling, California bearing ratio, compressive strength and durability potentials of quarry dust stabilized soft clay soil. Mater Sci Energy Technol. 2019;2(1): 67-77.
Etim RK, Ekpo DU, Attah IC, Onyelowe KC. Effect of micro sized quarry dust particle on the compaction and strength properties of cement stabilized lateritic soil. Clean Mater. 2021;2:100023.
Alaneme GU, Onyelowe KC, Onyia ME, Bui Van D, Mbadike EM, Dimonyeka MU, et al. Modelling of the swelling potential of soil treated with quicklime-activated rice husk ash using fuzzy logic. Umudike J Eng Technol. 2020;6(1):1-22.
Alaneme GU, Onyelowe KC, Onyia ME, Bui Van D, Mbadike EM, Ezugwu CN, et al. Modelling volume change properties of hydrated-lime activated rice husk ash modified soft soil for construction purposes by artificial neural network. Umudike J Eng Technol. 2020;6(1):88-110.
Etim RK, Ekpo DU, Udofia GE, Attah IC. Evaluation of lateritic soil stabilized with lime and periwinkle shell ash (PSA) admixture bound for sustainable road materials. Innov Infrastruct Solut. 2022;7:1-17.
Attah IC, Etim RK, Usanga IN. Potentials of cement kiln dust and rice husk ash blend on strength of tropical soil for sustainable road construction material. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng. 2021;1036:012072.
Attah IC, Etim RK, Ekpo DU, Onyelowe KC. Understanding the impacts of binary additives on mechanical and morphological response of ameliorated soil for road infrastructures. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci. In press 2021.
Amadi AA, Osu AS. Effect of curing time on strength development in black cotton soil – Quarry fines composite stabilized with cement kiln dust. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci. 2018;30(4):305-12.
Sani JE, Yohanna P, Chukwujama IA. Effect of rice husk ash admixed with treated sisal fibre on properties of lateritic soil as a road construction material. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci. 2020;32(1):11-8.
Attah IC, Okafor FO, Ugwu OO. Optimization of California bearing ratio of tropical black clay soil treated with cement kiln dust and metakaolin blend. Int J Pavement Res Technol. 2021;14(6):655-67.
Attah IC, Okafor FO, Ugwu OO. Experimental and optimization study of unconfined compressive strength of ameliorated tropical black clay. Eng Appl Sci Res. 2021;48(3):238-48.
Alaneme GU, Mbadike EM, Attah IC, Udousoro IM. Mechanical behavior optimization of sawdust ash and quarry dust concrete using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Innov Infrastruct Solut. 2022;7:1-16.
Adetayo OA, Umego OM, Faluyi F, Odetoye AO, Bucknor AO, Busari AA, et al. Evaluation of pulverized cow bone ash and waste glass powder on the geotechnical properties of tropical laterite. Silicon. 2022;14(5):2097-106.
Umaru I, Alhaji MM, Jagaba AH, Kutty SRM, Lawal IM, Abubakar S, et al. The effect of groundnut shell ash and metakaolin on geotechnical properties of black cotton soils. In: Salih GHA, Saeed RA, editors. Sustainability Challenges and Delivering Practical Engineering Solutions. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Cham: Springer; 2023. p. 177-83.
Ibrahim MT, Osinubi KJ, Umar SY, Joshua A, Jagaba AH, Soja UB. Stabilization of lateritic soil with scrap tyre crumb rubber. In: Salih GHA, Saeed RA, editors. Sustainability Challenges and Delivering Practical Engineering Solutions. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Cham: Springer; 2023. p. 185-93.
Li W, Yi Y, Puppala AJ. Utilization of carbide slag-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag to treat gypseous soil. Soils Found. 2019;59(5):1496-507.
Etim RK, Attah IC, Ekpo DU, Usanga IN. Evaluation on stabilization role of lime and cement in expansive black clay - oyster shell ash composite. Transp Infrastruct Geotech. 2022;9:729-63.
Alqaisi R, Le TM, Khabbaz H. Applications of recycled sustainable materials and by-products in soil stabilization. In: Ameen H, Jamiolkowski M, Manassero M, Shehata H, editors. Recent thoughts in Geoenvironmental Engineering. GeoMEast 2019. Sustainable Civil Infrastructures. Cham: Springer; 2020. p. 91-117.
British Standard Institution. BS 1377: Methods of testing soils for civil engineering purposes. London: British Standard Institute; 1990.
British Standard Institution. BS 1924: Methods of tests for stabilized soils. London: British Standards Institute; 1990.
Nigerian General Specification. Roads and bridges works. Lagos: Federal Ministry of Works and Housing; 1997.
Choobbasti AJ, Kutanaei SS. Microstructure characteristics of cement stabilized sandy soil using nanosilica. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng. 2017;9(5):981-8.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official (AASHTO). Standard specifications for transportation, material and method of sampling and testing. 14th ed. Washington: AASHTO; 1986.
American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM). Annual book of ASTM standards. Vol. 04.08. Philadelphia: ASTM; 1992.
Kumar JS, Sharma P. Geotechnical properties of pond ash mixed with cement kiln dust and polypropylene fiber. J Mater Civ Eng. 2018;30(8):04018154.
Odumade AO, Okafor FO, Ikeagwuani CC. Microstructural and compaction characteristics of tropical black clay soil subgrade modified with lead-zinc mine tailings. J Environ Manage. 2022;321:115980.
Okafor FO, Okonkwo UN. Effect of rice husk ash on some geotechnical properties of lateritic soil. Leonardo Electron J Pract Technol. 2009;15:67-74.
Santos F, Li L, Li Y, Amini F. Geotechnical properties of fly ash and soil mixtures for use in highway embankments. World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference; 2011 May 9-12; Denver, USA. p. 125-36.
Umar SY, Elinwa AU, Matawal DS. Hydraulic conductivity of compacted lateritic soil partially replaced with metakaolin. J Environ Earth Sci. 2015;5(4):53-64.
Ekpo DU, Fajobi AB, Ayodele AL. Response of two lateritic soils to cement kiln dust – periwinkle shell ash blends as road sub-base materials. Int J Pavement Res Technol. 2020;14(5):550-9.
Varaprasad BJS, Reddy JJ, Reddy JS. Remediation of expansive soils using mango kernel ash and calcium carbide residue. Int J Environ Waste Manag. 2020;25(2):220-30.
Ayodele FO, Fajimi MS, Alo BA. Stabilization of tropical soil using calcium carbide residue and rice husk ash. Mater Today: Proc. 2022;60:216-22.
Etim RK, Attah IC, Ogarekpe NM, Robert EE. Geotechnical behaviour of lateritic soil - oyster shell ash mixtures. Proceedings of 16th International Conference and Annual General Meeting 2018; 2018 Oct 24-26; Lagos, Nigeria. Lagos: Nigerian Institution of Civil Engineers; 2018. p. 45-52.
Amadi AA, Okeiyi A. Use of quick and hydrated lime in stabilization of lateritic soil: comparative analysis of laboratory data. Geo-Engineering. 2017;8:1-13.
Li J, Geng G, Myers R, Yu YS, Shapiro D, Carraro C, et al. The chemistry and structure of calcium (alumino) silicate hydrate: a study by XANES, ptychographic imaging, and wide-and small-angle scattering. Cem Concr Res. 2019;115:367-78.
Mustafa YMH, Al-Amoudi OSB, Ahmad S, Maslehuddin M, Al-Malack MH. Utilization of Portland cement with limestone powder and cement kiln dust for stabilization/solidification of oil-contaminated marl soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021;28:3196-216.
Transportation Research Board. Lime stabilization. Reaction, properties, design and construction. State-of-the art report No. 5. Washington: Transportation Research Board; 1987.
Ingles OG, Metcalf JB. Soil stabilization principles and practice. Sydney: Butterworths; 1972.
Abbey SJ, Eyo EU, Oti J, Amakye SY, Ngambi S. Mechanical properties and microstructure of fibre-reinforced clay blended with by-product cementitious materials. Geosciences. 2020;10(6):241.
Zheng L, Yuan Y, Zhang J. Evolution of cracks in Nano-CaCo3 modified pre-disintegrated carbonaceous mudstone under cyclic wetting and drying. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2020;20(8):5117-22.
Attah IC, Etim RK. Experimental investigation on the effects of elevated temperature on geotechnical behaviour of tropical residual soils. SN Appl Sci. 2020;2:1-16.
Ezeokpube GC, Ahaneku IE, Alaneme GU, Attah IC, Etim RK, Olaiya BC, et al. Assessment of mechanical properties of soil-lime-crude oil contaminated soil blend using regression model for sustainable pavement foundation construction. Adv Mater Sci Eng. 2022;2022:1-18.
Ezeokpube GC, Alaneme GU, Attah IC, Udousoro IM, Nwogbo D. Experimental investigation of crude oil contaminated soil for sustainable concrete production. Archit Struct Constr. 2022;2:349-64.
Attah IC, Alaneme GU, Etim RK, Afangideh CB, Okon KP, Otu ON. Role of extreme vertex design approach on the mechanical and morphological behaviour of residual soil composite. Sci Rep. 2023;13:7933.
Pastor JL, Chai J, Sánchez I. Strength and microstructure of a clayey soil stabilized with natural stone industry waste and lime or cement. Appl Sci. 2023;13(4):2583.
Usanga IN, Ikeagwuani CC, Etim RK, Attah IC. Predictive modelling of modified asphalt mixture rutting potentials: machine learning approach. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng. 2023;47:4087-101.
Attah IC, Etim RK, Ekpo DU, Usanga IN. Effectiveness of cement kiln dust-silicate based mixtures on plasticity and compaction performance of an expansive soil. Építőanyag – Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials. 2022;74(4):144-9.
Mirzababaei M, Yasrobi S, Al-Rawas A. Effect of polymers on swelling potentials of expansive clays. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Ground Improvement. 2009;162(13):111-9.
Reyes-Gutiérrez LR, Romero-Guzmán ET, Cabral-Prieto A, Rodríguez-Castillo R. Characterization of Chromium in contaminated soil studied by SEM, EDS, XRD and Mossbauer spectroscopy. J Miner Mater Charact Eng. 2007;7(1):59-70.
Osinubi KJ, Yohanna P, Eberemu AO. Cement modification of tropical black clay using iron ore tailings as admixture. Transp Geotech. 2015;5:35-49.
Jha AK, Sivapullaiah PV. Mechanism of improvement in the strength and volume change behaviour of lime stabilized soil. Eng Geol. 2015;198:53-64.
Richardson IG. Model structures for C-(A)-S-H(I). Acta Cryst. 2014;70(6):903-23.
Li J, Zhang W, Xu K, Monteiro PJM. Fibrillar calcium silicate hydrate seeds from hydrated tricalcium silicate lower cement demand. Cem Concr Res. 2020;137:106195.
Bassey OB, Attah IC, Ambrose EE, Etim RK. Correlation between CBR values and index properties of soils: a case study of Ibiono, Oron and Onna in Akwa Ibom State. Resour Environ. 2017;7(4):94-102.