Macroplastic Characteristics and Assessment of the Plastic Abundance Index (PAI) of Beach Sediments in Prigi Bay, East Java, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Macroplastics, defined as plastic debris ranging from 2.5 to 100 cm, pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems, as they can breakdown into smaller particles. These materials are widely dispersed across marine environments, including coastal areas. This study aimed to compare and assess the abundance of macroplastics in the foreshore and backshore zones of four beaches around Prigi Bay, East Java, Indonesia, via the plastic abundance index (PAI). Macro-plastics were collected via a 5×5 m quadrat transect method. The results revealed that single-use plastics, particularly packaging and sachets, dominated both zones, accounting for 86% and 91% of the total number of plastic items in the foreshore and backshore waste, respectively. The average abundance in the foreshore area was 0.71±0.21 items m-² and 2.47±0.78 g m-², whereas that in the backshore area was significantly greater, at 1.59±0.40 items m-² and 3.32 ±2.39 g m-². According to the PAI classification, the foreshore exhibited 'High Abundance' (PAI 4.1–8), whereas the backshore was categorized as 'Very High Abundance' (PAI > 8). These differences were attributed to human activity and environmental factors: the backshore, which is frequently used by tourists and less affected by wave action, accumulated a larger number of small, lightweight plastics, whereas the foreshore, which is exposed to tidal movements, contained fewer but larger and heavier macroplastics. The findings of this study underscore the importance of implementing targeted waste management strategies by identifying zones with the highest plastic accumulation and prioritizing the reduction of single-use plastics, especially packaging and sachets. These results can inform localized cleanup efforts, the placement of waste bins, and public education programs focused on areas with intense tourist activity, thereby mitigating macroplastic pollution and its environmental impact on both foreshore and backshore zones.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Published articles are under the copyright of the Applied Environmental Research effective when the article is accepted for publication thus granting Applied Environmental Research all rights for the work so that both parties may be protected from the consequences of unauthorized use. Partially or totally publication of an article elsewhere is possible only after the consent from the editors.
References
Machdar, I. Pengantar Pengendalian Pencemaran: Pencemaran Air, Pencemaran Udara, dan Kebisingan. Deepublish, 2018
Bernardini, G., A. McConville, and A. Castillo Castillo. Macro-plastic pollution in the tidal Thames: An analysis of composition and trends for the optimization of data collection. Marine Policy, 2020, 119104064.
UNEP. From Pollution to Solution: A Global Assessment of Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme, 2021
Agamuthu, P., S. Mehran, A. Norkhairah, and A. Norkhairiyah. Marine debris: A review of impacts and global initiatives. Waste Management & Research, 2019, 37(10), 987–1002.
Baxter, L., Z. Lucas, and T.R. Walker. Evaluating Canada’s single-use plastic mitigation policies via brand audit and beach cleanup data to reduce plastic pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2022, 176113460.
Rhodes, C., J. Plastic pollution and potential solutions. Science Progress, 2018, 101(3), 207–260.
Lippiatt, S., S. Opfer, and C. Arthur. Marine debris monitoring and assessment. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-46., 2013
Gao, H., C. Yan, Q. Liu, W. Ding, B. Chen, and Z. Li. Effects of plastic mulching and plastic residue on agricultural production: A meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment, 2019, 651484–492.
Andrady, A.L. Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011, 621596–1605.
Egea, L.G., J. Cavijoli-Bosch, I. Casal-Porras, A. Yamuza-Magdaleno, F.G. Brun, and R. Jiménez-Ramos. Comparison of macroplastics dynamic across a tidal-dominated coastal habitat seascape including seagrasses, salt marshes, rocky bottoms and soft sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2023, 196115590.
Haarr, M.L., J. Falk-Andersson, and J. Fabres. Global marine litter research 2015–2020: Geographical and methodological trends. Science of The Total Environment, 2022, 820153162.
Yona, D., P. Nooraini, S.E.N. Putri, S.H.J. Sari, R.A. Lestariadi, and A. Amirudin. Spatial distribution and composition of marine litter on sandy beaches along the Indian Ocean coastline in the south Java region, Indonesia. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2023, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1220650 (accessed January 22, 2024)
Longhitano, S.G. Short-term assessment of retreating vs. Advancing microtidal beaches based on the backshore/foreshore length ratio: examples from the Basilicata Coasts (Southern Italy). Open Journal of Marine Science, 2015, 05(01), 123–145.
Kaviarasan, T., K. Dhineka, M. Sambandam, S.K. Sivadas, D. Sivyer, D. Hoehn, U. Pradhan, P. Mishra, and M.V. Ramana Murthy. Impact of multiple beach activities on litter and microplastic composition, distribution, and characterization along the southeast coast of India. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2022, 223106177.
Bastesen, E., M. Haave, G.L. Andersen, G. Velle, G. Bødtker, and C.G. Krafft. Rapid landscape changes in plastic bays along the Norwegian Coastline. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2021, 8. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.579913 (accessed January 25, 2024)
Luo, Y., C. Sun, C. Li, Y. Liu, S. Zhao, Y. Li, F. Kong, H. Zheng, X. Luo, L. Chen, and F. Li. Spatial Patterns of Microplastics in Surface Seawater, Sediment, and Sand Along Qingdao Coastal Environment. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2022, 9
Arifianti, D.N., D. Yona, and S.H. Julinda Sari. Komposisi Sampah Laut di Pesisir Pantai Kabupaten Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur. Journal of Marine & Coastal Science, 2024, 13(3), . https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMCS/article/download/59631/29966 (accessed December 30, 2024)
Fitri, D., and A. Sutedjo. Analisis perbedaan jumlah pengunjung objek wisata Pantai Karanggongso Dan Pantai Prigi di Kecamatan Watulimo Kabupaten Trenggalek. Swara Bhumi, 2019, 1(3),
Sidabutar, E.A., A. Sartimbul, and M. Handayani. Distribusi suhu, salinitas dan oksigen terlarut terhadap kedalaman di Perairan Teluk Prigi Kabupaten Trenggalek. JFMR (Journal of Fisheries and Marine Research), 2019, 3(1), 46–52.
Rangel-Buitrago, N., A.V. Mendoza, E. Mantilla-Barbosa, H. Arroyo-Olarte, V.A. Arana, J. Trilleras, A. Gracia C, W.J. Neal, and A.T. Williams. Plastic pollution on the Colombian central Caribbean beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2021, 162111837.
Damayanti, A.C., and A.Y. Koswara. Arahan pengembangan kawasan wisata Pantai Karanggongso dan Pantai Prigi di Kabupaten Trenggalek. Jurnal Teknik ITS, 2017, 6(2), C198–C201.
KLHK. Pedoman Pemantauan Sampah Laut : Sampah Pantai, Sampah Mengapung, dan Sampah Dasar Laut. Kedua. Jakarta: Direktorat Pengendalian Pencemaran dan Kerusakan Pesisisr dan Laut, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2020
Lim, E.V., N. Nilamani, N.M. Razalli, S. Zhang, H. Li, M.L. Haron, A.L. Abdullah, Z. Yasin, N.M. Zanuri, and A. Tan Shau Hwai. Abundance and distribution of macro- and mesoplastic debris on selected beaches in the Northern Strait of Malacca. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2023, 11(5), 1057.
MacFarland, T.W., and J.M. Yates. Mann–Whitney U Test. in: T.W. MacFarland, J.M. Yates (Eds.), Introd. Nonparametric Stat. Biol. Sci. Using R, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016103–132.: pp. 103–132
Firdausi, M.A.D., C. Syananta, M.D. Maheswari, C.V.A. Sudono, A.S.J. Siburian, A.D. Wahyudi, and D. Yona. Kelimpahan Sampah Laut dan Mikroplastik di Pantai Serang, Kabupaten Blitar, Jawa Timur. JRST (Jurnal Riset Sains dan Teknologi), 2024, 8(2), 147.
Sari, S.H.J., D. Yona, D.K. Saputra, and M.A.B. Rumantya. Analisis Perbandingan Sampah Laut Jenis Plastik dan Non-Plastik di Pulau Gili Ketapang, Probolinggo, Jawa Timur. Jurnal Laot Ilmu Kelautan, 2024, 6(2), 110–118.
Yona, D., D.N. Arifianti, S.H.J. Sari, R.A. Lestariadi, and A. Amirudin. Classification, composition, and sources of marine litter on beach sediment of Kondang Merak Coast, Malang, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2024, 1328(1), 012015.
Asensio-Montesinos, F., M. Oliva Ramírez, J.M. González-Leal, D. Carrizo, and G. Anfuso. Characterization of plastic beach litter by Raman spectroscopy in South-western Spain. Science of The Total Environment, 2020, 744140890.
Pinheiro, L.M., E. Lupchinski Junior, P. Denuncio, and R. Machado. Fishing plastics: A high occurrence of marine litter in surf-zone trammel nets of Southern Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2021, 173112946.
Zahra, N.N.A., A.K. Dewanti, D. Yona, D. Aliviyanti, C.S.U. Dewi, and A. Yamindago. Analisis Karakteristik Sampah Laut dan Tingkat Kebersihan di Pantai Sendang Biru dan Pelabuhan Perikanan Pondokdadap, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 2024, 22(4), 852–860.
Guittard, A., E. Akinsete, E. Demian, P. Koundouri, L. Papadaki, and X. Tombrou. Tackling Single-Use-Plastic in small touristic islands to reduce marine litter: co-identifying the best mix of policy interventions. Frontiers in Environmental Economics, 2023, 21145640.
Ilechukwu, I., R.R. Das, E.A. Jamodiong, S. Borghi, G.G. Manzano, A.A. Hakim, and J.D. Reimer. Abundance and distribution of marine litter on the beaches of Okinawa Island, Japan. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2024, 2001–13.
Agustina, S., S.P. Nuraini, S. Purnawan, and E.E.W. Siregar. Identifikasi awal sampah apung anorganik di muara Sungai Krueng Aceh, Kota Banda Aceh. Depik, 2020, 9(1), 131–140.
Garcés-Ordóñez, O., L.F. Espinosa, R.P. Cardoso, B.B. Issa Cardozo, and R. Meigikos dos Anjos. Plastic litter pollution along sandy beaches in the Caribbean and Pacific coast of Colombia. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 267, 1–13.
Manullang, C.Y. The abundance of plastic marine debris on beaches in Ambon Bay. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019, 253, 1–6.
Yona, D., R.A. Nabila, M.A.Z. Fuad, R.A. Nabila, F. Iranawati, M.A.Z. Fuad, and F. Iranawati. Abundance of microplastic in sediment around the west coast of Situbondo, East Java. Omni-Akuatika, 2023, 19(2), 126–136.
Olivelli, A., B.D. Hardesty, and C. Wilcox. Coastal margins and backshores represent a major sink for marine debris: insights from a continental-scale analysis. Environmental Research Letters, 2020, 15(7), 1–11.
Lechthaler, S., K. Waldschläger, G. Stauch, and H. Schüttrumpf. The Way of Macroplastic through the Environment. Environments, 2020, 7(10), 73.
Cordova, M.R., T. Purbonegoro, R. Puspitasari, R. Subandi, M.T. Kaisupy, S.P.A. Wibowo, Nurjamin, Suparmo, and S. Sapulete. Preliminary study of the effect of tourism activities on litter pollution: a case study on Padar Island, Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 2021, 22(8), 131–139.
Loizidou, X.I., M.I. Loizides, and D.L. Orthodoxou. Persistent marine litter: small plastics and cigarette butts remain on beaches after organized beach cleanups. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018, 190(7), 1–10.
Ondara, K., and R. Dhiauddin. Indonesia Marine Debris: Banda Aceh Coastal Environment Identification. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, 2020, 23(1), 117–126.
Zhang, T., D. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Li, Y. Yu, X. An, Y. Jiang, J. Wang, H. Shi, and L. Lin. Microplastic distribution characteristics and sources on beaches that serve as the largest nesting ground for green turtles in China. Toxics, 2024, 12(2), 1–10.
Perumal, K., S. Muthuramalingam, and S. Chellaiyan. Marine litter on the beaches of the Kanyakumari, Southern India: An assessment of their abundance and pollution indices. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2023, 186114443.
Lima, A.K. dos S., A.C. Silva, L.F. Pereira, C.M. Bezerra, L.S. Soares, A.C.L. de Castro, Y.F. Marinho, I.C. da S.A. Funo, and C.B. Lourenço. Anthropogenic litter on the macrotidal sandy beaches of the Amazon region. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2022, 18, 1–12.
Mghili, B., M. Keznine, S. Hasni, and M. Aksissou. Abundance, composition and sources of benthic marine litter trawled-up in the fishing grounds on the Moroccan Mediterranean coast. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 2023, 63, 1–15.
Sibaja-Cordero, J.A., and E.H. Gómez-Ramírez. Marine litter on sandy beaches with different human uses and waste management along the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2022, 17, 51–16.
Lusher, A., P.C.H. Hollman, and J. Mendoza-Hill. Microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture: status of knowledge on their occurrence and implications for aquatic organisms and food safety. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2017
Siregar, R.V., B. Purba, N.P. Nainggolan, and D. Ariza. Pengaruh kerugian ekonomi akibat sampah plastik di laut terhadap aktivitas penangkapan ikan oleh nelayan skala kecil di Desa Bagan Serdang Kecamatan Pantai Labu. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 2023, 7(3), 28491–28499.
Turi, H.L., M. Yasser, W. Kusumaningrum, P. Taru, and O.R. Simarangkir. Marine debris identification and ecotourism management on Hoga Island Kaledupa District Wakatobi Regency. Berkala Perikanan Terubuk, 2022, 50(3), 1710–1720.
Anjeli, U.G., A. Sartimbul, T.D. Sulistiyati, D. Yona, F. Iranawati, F.O. Seftiyawan, D. Aliviyanti, F.M. Lauro, S. Matallana-Surget, A.M. Fanda, and V.A. Winata. Microplastics contamination in aquaculture-rich regions: A case study in Gresik, East Java, Indonesia. Science of The Total Environment, 2024, 927, 1–13.
