Thinking Skills Level Classification of Scientific Questions Using Bidirectional LSTM
Main Article Content
Abstract
Science education with a suitable learning activity can help students enhance their thinking skills. Examination is one of the assessment tools to evaluate the student learning outcome in the domain of thinking skills. The Revised Bloom's Taxonomy, a well-known theory used to describe cognitive domains, divides thinking skills into two categories: basic and advanced thinking skills. Classifying questions according to their level of thinking abilities is an important task for teachers to design effective assessment tools. The objective of this study is to propose a model for classifying Thai language questions in science subjects. Initially, we used three algorithms: Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM), Naive Bayes (NB), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for selecting Thai word tokenization algorithms. Then, we compare the model's performance using different feature sets. The combination of the question, training choice, and length of choice features with BiLSTM obtained an accuracy of 70%. Moreover, we employed part-of-speech (POS) tagging for feature selection. According to the findings, using nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs enhances accuracy by 80.24%. This study shows the ability to use a model to categorize science questions to assist teachers in choosing questions that are appropriate to encourage higher-order thinking skills in students.
Article Details
References
World Economic Forum, Future of Jobs Report 2023. Available Online at https://www.weforum.org/re ports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2023, accessed on 30 September 2023.
L.O. Wilson. "Anderson and Krathwohl–Bloom’s taxonomy revised." Understanding the New Version of Bloom's Taxonomy, 2016.
J. Irvine. "A Comparison of Revised Bloom and Marzano's New Taxonomy of Learning." Research in Higher Education Journal, Vol. 33, 2017.
K. Changwong, A. Sukkamart, and B. Sisan. "Critical thinking skill development: Analysis of a new learning management model for Thai high schools." Journal of International Studies, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 37-48, 2018.
S. K. Patil and M. M.Shreyas. "A Comparative Study of Question Bank Classification based on Revised Bloom's Taxonomy using SVM and K-NN." 2017 2nd International Conference On Emerging Computation and Information Technologies (ICECIT), Tumakuru, India, pp. 1-7, 2017.
S. Shaikh, S. M. Daudpotta, and A. S. Imran. "Bloom’s Learning Outcomes' Automatic Classification Using LSTM and Pretrained Word Embeddings." IEEE Access, Vol. 9, pp. 117887-117909, 2021.
M. Forehand. "Bloom's taxonomy." Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 47-56, 2010.
N. Ghalib and D. S. Hammad. "Classifying Exam Questions Based on Bloom's Taxonomy Using Machine Learning Approach." Technologies for the Development of Information Systems (TRIS-2019), pp. 260-269, 2020.
J. Chandra and B. Thomas. "The Effect of Bloom’s Taxonomy on Random Forest Classifier for cognitive level identification of E-content." 2020 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Information Technology and Engineering (ic-ETITE), pp. 1-6, 2020.
M. Mohammed and N. Omar. "Question Classification Based on Bloom's Taxonomy Using Enhanced TF-IDF." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Vol. 8, No. 4-2, pp. 1679-1685, 2018.
M. Mohammed and N. Omar. "Question classification based on Bloom’s taxonomy cognitive domain using modified TF-IDF and word2vec." PLOS ONE, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2020.
J. Huang, Z. Zhang, J. Qiu, L. Peng, D. Liu, P. Han, and K. Luo. "Automatic Classroom Question Classification Based on Bloom's Taxonomy." Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers, pp. 33-39, 2022.
Hasmawati, A. Romadhony, and R. Abdurohman. "Primary and High School Question Classification based on Bloom's Taxonomy." 2022 10th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT), pp. 234-239, 2022.
S. Yilmaz and S. Toklu. "A deep learning analysis on question classification task using Word2vec representations." Neural Computing and Applications, Vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 2909-2928, 2020.
M. O. Gani, R. K. Ayyasamy, A. Sangodiah, and Y. T. Fui. "Bloom's Taxonomy-based exam question classification: The outcome of CNN and optimal pre-trained word embedding technique." Education and Information Technologies, Vol. 28, pp. 15893-15914, 2023.
M. Ifham, K. Banujan, B. T. G. S. Kumara, and P.M. A. K. Wijeratne. "Automatic Classification of Questions based on Bloom's Taxonomy using Artificial Neural Network." 2022 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA), pp. 311-315, 2022.
M. O. Gani, R. K. Ayyasamy, S. M. Alhashmi, A. Sangodiah, and Y. T.Fui. "ETFPOS-IDF: A Novel Term Weighting Scheme for Examination Question Classification Based on Bloom's Taxonomy." IEEE Access, Vol. 10, pp. 132777-132785, 2022.
J. Zhang, C. Wong, N. Giacaman, and A. Luxton-Reilly. "Automated Classification of Computing Education Questions using Bloom's Taxonomy," Proceedings of the 23rd Australasian Computing Education Conference, pp. 58-65, 2021.
K. Anekboon. "Feature Selection for Bloom's Question Classification in Thai Language." Proceedings of the 2018 Computing Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 152-162, 2019.
C. Chootong and J. Charoensuk. "Cognitive level classification on information communication technology skills for blog." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 6387-6396, 2022.
T. S. N. Ayutthaya and K. Pasupa. "Thai Sentiment Analysis via Bidirectional LSTM-CNN Model with Embedding Vectors and Sentic Features." 2018 International Joint Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing (iSAI-NLP), pp. 1-6, 2018.
C. Jitboonyapinit. "Development of Sentiment Analysis Model Based on Thai Social Media Using Deep Learning Techniques." Huachiew Chalermprakiet Science and Technology Journal, Vol. 2, 2022.
S. Khruahong, O. Surinta, and S. C. Lam. "Sentiment Analysis of Local Tourism in Thailand from YouTube Comments Using BiLSTM." Mult-disciplinary Trends in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 169-177, 2022.
P. Klairith and S. Tanachutiwat. "Thai Clickbait Detection Algorithms Using Natural Language Processing with Machine Learning Techniques." 2018 International Conference on Engineering, Applied Sciences, and Technology (ICEAST), pp. 1-4, 2018.
S. S. Birunda and R. K. Devi. "A review on word embedding techniques for text classification." Innovative Data Communication Technologies and Application: Proceedings of ICIDCA, pp. 267-281, 2021.
W. Phatthiyaphaibun, K. Chaovavanich, C. Polpanumas, A. Suriyawongkul, L. Lowphansirikul, and P. Chormai. PyThaiNLP: Thai Natural Language Processing in Python, Available Online at https://pythainlp.github. io/docs/2.3/api/tag.html, accessed on 29 September 2022.
T. Kurita. "Principal component analysis (PCA)." Computer Vision: A Reference Guide, pp. 1-4, 2019.
S. Jayalakshmi and A. Sheshasaayee. "Question Classification: A Review of State-of-the-Art Algorithms and Approaches." Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 8, 2015.
A. Chugh, Deep Learning | Introduction to Long Short Term Memory. Available Online at https://www. geeksforgeeks.org/deep-learning-introduction-to-long-short-term-memory, accessed on 10 August 2022.
A. Taparia, Bidirectional LSTM in NLP. Available Online at https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bidirection al-lstm-in-nlp/, accessed on 5 August 2022.
V. Jakkula. "Tutorial on support vector machine (svm)." School of EECS, Washington State University, Vol. 37, No. 2.5, pp. 3, 2006.
K. Jearanaitanakij, N. Kueakool, P. Limwanichsin, T. Kullawan, and C. Yongpiyakul. "LCS-based Thai Trending Keyword Extraction from Online News." Naresuan University Engineering Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 54-61, 2022.
P. Prakrankamanant. Data augmentation for Thai natural language processing using different tokenization, M.S. Thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2021.
M. Jaiwai, K. Shiangjen, S. Rawangyot, S. Dangmanee, T.Kunsuree, and A. Sa-nguanthong. "Automatized educational chatbot using deep neural network." 2021 Joint International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology with ECTI Northern Section Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, pp. 5-8, 2021.