Bacterial Infection in Common Lowland Frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) and Antibiotic Susceptibility
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the distribution of pathogenic bacteria in 232 common lowland frog diseases, some factors affecting the disease and guidelines for bacterial disease prevention and treatment of frog in Nadoon District, Maha Sarakham Province, during August to November, 2016. Totally 8 genera including Aeromonas spp., the most dominantly, followed by Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Rhodococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus and Serratia spp., respectively. Water quality analysis showed pH, temperature, hardness and alkalinity were suitable for frogs, but the low dissolved oxygen, high total ammonia-N (NH3-N) and nitrite (NO2-) may damage to frogs. Pathogenicity test of 2 dominant genera, Aeromonas and Staphylococcus, found that both genera could affected to 3 stages of frog; tadpole, young frog and adult frog. A bath challenge at 105 cfu/mL could induce morbidity and mortality in the range of 40.00 - 76.67 % and 26.67 - 60.00 %, respectively. At the concentration 106 and 107 cfu/mL found higher disease induction and death. Moreover, Aeromonas showed higher virulence than Staphylococcus but faster symptom development and mortality in all stages. Antibiotic susceptibility test of 8 genera including Aeromonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., Rhodococcus spp. and Serratia spp., 30 isolates, on 20 antibiotics found that oxytetracycline showed highest sensitivity, followed by Norfloxacin, Tetracycline, Enrofloxacin and Gentamycin, respectively. While Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Sulphamethoxazone, Nitrofurantoin and Amoxycillin found highest resistant.
Article Details
References
Sririkanonda, S. (2009). Diseases of Cultured Frog (Rana tigerina) in Southern Part of Thailand. Princess of Princess of Naradhiwas University Journal. Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 102-117
Arungamol, S., Jitjak, T., Patchanee, N., and Jensiriwong, S. (2017). The Testing of Antibiotic Sensitivity from Isolated Aeromonas hydrophila from Infected Lowland Frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) in Sakon Nakhon province. Prawarun Agricultural Journal. Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 238-246
Phadee, P., Thaiso, K., and Jullawong, P. (2018). Report of the Science and Technology Village Project “Frog raising village”. Office of the Permanent Secretary for Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Bangkok
Department of Fisheries. (2015). Freshwater Aquaculture Production Survey 2013. Bangkok: Fishery Statistics Analysis and Research Group, Information and Communication Technology Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
Srisaad, A. (2011). How to raise frogs guide. (1st ed). Bangkok: Naka intermedia co., Ltd.
Kanchanakarn, S. (1993). Diseases in Adult Frogs. Journal of Aquaculture Diseases News. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 9-11
Glorioso, J. C., Amborski, R. L., Amborsky, G. F., and Culley, D. D. (1974). Microbiological Studies on Septicemic Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). American Journal of Veterinary Research. Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 1241-1245
MacFaddin, J. F. (1980). Biochemical Tests for Identification of Medical Bacteria. 2nd edition. Maryland: Williams and Wilkins
Austin, D. A. and Austin, B. (1999). Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Diseases of Farmed and Wild Fish. 3rd Edition. Chichester: Springer Praxis Publishing
Buller, N. B. (2004). Bacteria from Fish and Other Aquatic Animals: A Practical Identification Manual. Oxford: CAB International Publishers
APHA, AWWA and WPCF. (1998). Standard Method for Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition. Washington DC: American Public Health Association
Evans, A. S. (1976). Causation and Disease: the Henle-Koch Postulates Revisited. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 175-195
Whitman, K. (2004). Finfish and Shellfish Bacteriology Manual: Techniques and Procedures. Iowa: Iowa State Press, Blackwell Publishing Company
Singthonhchai, V. (1997). Study on the Diseases of Cultured Frog (Ranatigrina Cantor). Master of Science (Fisheries Science), Faculty of Fishery, Kasetsart University
Roth, T., Foley, J., Worth, J., Piovia-Scott, J., Pope, K., and Lawler, S. (2013). Bacterial Flora on Cascades Frogs in the Klamath Mountain of California. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Vol. 36, pp. 591-598
Rasmidatt, A., Wattanasirmkit, K., and Pariyanonth, P. (1989). Protozoa Content in the Farm-frog (Rana tigerina), Rearing in the Mud and Cement Ponds. In Proceedings of the 27th Kasetsart University Annual Conference: Science, Agro-Industry, Engineering. Bangkok: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. pp. 239-245
Chat Mongkolkul, M., Pariyanonth, P., and Satetasit, J. (2007). Parasites of Hoplobatrachus rugulosus in Areas of Plant Genetics Conservation Project Under the Royal Initiative of Her Royal Highness Princess Mahachakri Sirindhon. Bangkok: National Research Council of Thailand
Lohalakeanadech, D. (1998). Fisheries Water Quality Guide. Trang: Rajamangala Institute of Technology Srivijaya Trang Campus
Jiwyam, W. (2001). Introduction to Water Quality and Water Wuality Analysis in Aquaculture Ponds. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press
Phadee, P. (2009). Diseases and Diseases Diagnosis of Fish. Bangkok: Odeon Store Publishing Company
Siyapong, B. (1995). Study on Pathogenesis of Bacterial Disease in Frog, Rana tigerina Cantor. Master of Science (Fisheries Science), Faculty of Fishery, Kasetsart University
Somsiri, T., Chinabut, S., Phanwichien, K., Soontornvit, S., and Damrongphol, Y. (1998). Virulence of Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Red Leg Disease Frog. In Proceedings of the 36th Kasetsart University Annual Conference. Bangkok: Kasetsart University. pp. 1-10
Schadich, E. and Cole, A. L. J. (2010). Pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis to Brown Tree Frogs (Litoria ewingii). Comparative Medicine. Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 114-117
Pearson, M. D. (1998). Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia of Farmed Rana spp. Ph.D. thesis, Stirling, UK: University of Stirling
Janda, J. M. (1991). Recent Advances in the Study of the Taxonomy, Pathogenicity, and Infectious Syndromes Associated with the genus Aeromonas. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 397-410. DOI: 10.1128/cmr.4.4.397
Woodhams, D. C., Ardipradja, K., Alford, R. A., Marantelli, G., Reinert, L. K., and Rollins-Smith, L. A. (2007). Resistance to Chytridiomycosis Varies Among Amphibian Species and is Correlated with Skin Peptide Defenses. Animal Conservation. Vol. 10, pp. 409-417
Lee, S. W., Najiah, M., Wendy, W., Nadirah, M., and Faizah, S. H. (2008). Occurrence of Heavy Metals and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria from Internal Organs of American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Raised in Malaysia. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 353-358. DOI: 10.1590/S1678-91992009000200016
Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Ministry of Public Health Announcement In accordance with the Food Act BE 2522 (No. 303) BE 2550 Regarding Food Containing Animal Residues. In The Food Act BE 2522, with the Ministerial Regulations and Notifications of the Ministry of Public Health (Revised version, 2019). Bangkok: Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Public Health. pp. 418-433