การทบทวนวิธีการออกแบบฐานรากเสาเข็มปัจจุบันในพื้นที่กรุงเทพมหานคร
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มิ.ย. 26, 2019
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ฐานรากเสาเข็ม กรุงเทพ การสำรวจดิน พารามิเตอร์ในการออกแบบ
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บทคัดย่อ
บทความฉบับนี้แสดงวิธีปฏิบัติที่ผู้ออกแบบเลือกใช้ในการออกแบบเสาเข็ม ตั้งแต่การวางแผนการเจาะสำรวจ การพิจารณาพารามิเตอร์ที่ใช้ในการออกแบบ ตลอดจนการทบทวนกฎหมายและข้อบังคับที่เกี่ยวข้อง โดยใช้แบบสอบถามในการสัมภาษณ์กลุ่มเป้าหมาย และชี้ให้เห็นถึงประเด็นที่ควรระวังตามบริบทและสภาพของพื้นที่ศึกษา ผลการศึกษาสรุปได้ว่า วิธีการเจาะแบบฉีดล้างเป็นวิธีที่นิยมใช้กันมากที่สุด ควบคู่กับการทดสอบ SPT ในสนาม พารามิเตอร์ที่ใช้ในการออกแบบพิจารณาค่ากำลังรับแรงเฉือนจากค่า N-Value การพิจารณาการทรุดตัวของเสาเข็มใช้หลักการวางเสาเข็มไว้บนชั้นดินแข็ง กฎหมายและข้อบังคับที่พิจารณาคือพระราชบัญญัติควบคุมอาคาร กฎกระทรวงฉบับที่ 6 และข้อกำหนดของวิศวกรรมสถานแห่งประเทศไทย บริบทที่สำคัญของพื้นที่พบว่า ดินเหนียวอ่อนกรุงเทพเป็นดินที่มีกำลังรับแรงเฉือนต่ำมาก ปริมาณน้ำในมวลดินสูง การทรุดตัวสูงและเป็นดินที่มีความไวตัว ดังนั้นผู้ออกแบบควรเป็นผู้กำหนดพารามิเตอร์ที่ต้องการและต้องตรวจสอบข้อมูลจากผลการเจาะสำรวจให้ถี่ถ้วน ทั้งนี้วิถีปฏิบัติปัจจุบันในการออกแบบฐานรากเสาเข็มในพื้นที่ ยังคงมีอีกหลายประเด็นที่เป็นข้อมูลที่สำคัญเบื้องต้น สำหรับการนำมาพิจารณาเพื่อหาแนวปฏิบัติที่ถูกต้องและเหมาะสมสำหรับมาตรฐานงานวิศวกรรมฐานรากเสาเข็มที่จะเกิดขึ้นต่อไปในประเทศไทย
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Thongchart, S., Thongchart, S., & Ruennusarn, P. (2019). การทบทวนวิธีการออกแบบฐานรากเสาเข็มปัจจุบันในพื้นที่กรุงเทพมหานคร. วิศวกรรมสาร มหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวร, 14(1), 11–28. สืบค้น จาก https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/nuej/article/view/89799
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Research Paper
References
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[8] Boonyarak, T. (2002). Behavior of polymer slurry for wet-process bored pile construction in Bangkok subsoils, Master thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
[9] Boonyatee, T., Tongjarukae, J., Uaworakunchai, T. and Ukritchon, B. (2015). A Review on Design of Pile Foundations in Bangkok, Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS and AGSSEA, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp.76 – 85.
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[13] Tomlinson, M. J. (1969). Foundation design and construction. 2nd ed. Pitman, London, England
[14] Peck, R. B., Hanson, W. E., and Thornburn, T. H. (1974). Foundation Engineering. 2nd ed. John Wiley, New York. 514 p.
[15] Seed, H.B., Arango, I., and Chan, C.K. (1975). Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction Potential during Earthquakes, Report No. EERC 75-28. Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
[16] Riggs, C. O. (1986). North American Standard Penetration Test practice: An essay: in Use of In-situ Tests in Geotechnical Engineering. ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 6.
[17] Skempton, A. W. (1986). Standard Penetration Test Procedures and the Effects in Sands of Overburden Pressure, Relative Density. Particle Size, Aging and Overconsolidation. Geotechnique, v. 36:3, pp. 425-447.
[18] Liao, S. S. C. and Whitman, R. V. (1986). Overburden Correction Factors for SPT in Sand. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, A.S.C.E., v. 112:3, pp. 373-377.
[19] Seed, H.B., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, L.F., and Chung, R.M. (1985). Influence of SPT Procedures in Soil Liquefaction Resistance Evaluation. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol.111, No.12, pp. 1425-1445.
[20] Clayton, C. R. I. (1990). SPT Energy Transmission: Theory, Measurement, and Significance: Ground Engineering, Vol.23, No.10, pp. 35-43.
[21] Simons, N., Menzies B., and Matthews, M. (2002). A Short Course in Geotechnical Site Investigation, Thomas Telford.
[22] Bjerrum, L. (1972). Embankments on soft ground, proceedings, ASCE specialty Conference on performance on earth and earth supported structures, Purdue University, Lafayette, vol. II, pp. 1-54.
[23] Morris, P.M., and Williams, D.T. (1994). Effective Stress Vane Shear Test Correction Factor Correlations, Canadian Geotechnical Journal. Vol.31, No.3, pp. 335- 342.
[24] Das, G., Lacasse, S., Lunne, I., and Hoeg, K. (1986). Use of In Situ Tests for Foundation Design in Clay. Proceedings of In Situ’86, ASCE, pp.1-30.
[25] Terzaghi, K., and Peck, R. B. (1967). Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, Second Edition, John Wiley, New York, 729p.
[26] NAVFAC (1986) Soil Mechanics: Design Manual 7.01, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Alexandria, Virginia.
[27] Stroud, M. A. (1974). The standard penetration test in insensitive clays and soft rock, Proceedings of the 1st European Symposium on Penetration Testing, Sweden: Stockholm, vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 367-375.
[28] Pitupakorn, W. (1983). Prediction of pile carrying capacity from standard penetration test in Bangkok metropolis subsoil, Master thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
[29] Meyerhof, G.G. (1956). Penetration Test and Bearing Capacity of Cohesionless Soils. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE, Vol.82, No. SM1, pp. 1-19.
[30] Kulhawy, F.H., and Mayne, P.W. (1990). Manual of Estimating Soil Properties for Foundation Design. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, USA.
[31] Sambhandraksa, S. and Thanudklueng, C. (1990). Modulus and Strength of Bangkok Sand Related to SPT Correlation. Proceedings of the 10th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, Bangkok, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 457 – 462.
[32] Teixeira, A. H., Godoy, N. S. (1996). Analysis, design and execution of shallow foundations. In. HACHICH et al. (eds). Foundations: theory and practice. Sao Paulo: Pini, pp. 227-264.
[33] Skempton, A.W. (1951). The Bearing Capacity of Clays. Proc. Building Research Congress, 180-189.
[34] Skempton, A. W. (1959). Cast-in-situ bored piles in London Clay. Geotechnique, vol. 9, No.4, pp. 153-173
[35] Sower, G. F., Martin, C. B. & Wilson, L. L. (1961). The bearing capacity of friction pile groups in homogeneous clay from model studies. Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Soil Mech. 2, 155,
[36] Tomlinson, M. J. (1995). Pile Design and Construction Practice. 4th edition, Chapman & Hall.
[37] Bowles, J.E. (1996). Foundation Analysis and Design 5th Edition. McGraw Hill, Singapore.
[38] Holmberg, S. (1970). Load testing of driven piles in Bangkok clay. Journal of South East Asian Society of Soil Engineering, Vol. 1, No.2, pp. 61-78.
[39] Tomlinson, M. J. (1980). Foundation Design and Construction.6th Edition. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, England.
[40] Das, B.M. (1995). Principles of foundation engineering. 3rd Edition. PSW publishing Company.
[41] Terzaghi, K. (1943). Theoretical Soil Mechanics. John Wiley, New York.
[42] Vesic, A. S. (1977). Design of pile foundations. Transportation research board. National research council, Washington.
[43] Poulos, HG. and Davis, EH. (1980). Pile foundation analysis and design, Wiley, New York.
[44] Meyerhof, G.G. and Adams, J. I. (1968). The Ultimate Uplift Capacity of Foundations, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.5, No.4.
[45] Bhushan, K. (1982). Discussion: New Design Correlations for Piles in Sands. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE GT, 1508-1510.
[46] The Engineering Institute of Thailand. (1978). Bearing Capacity of pile. (in Thai).
[47] Coyle, H.M. and Castello, R.R. (1981). New design correlations for piles in sand. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 197(GT7), 965-985.
[48] Ladd, C.C., and Foott, R. (1974). New design procedure for stability of soft clays. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. 7, pp.763 – 786.
[49] Sambhandharaksa, S. and Taesiri, Y. (1987). Development of Theory and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering. Theme Lecture No.1, 8th ARC on SMFE, Kyoto, Vol.2.
[50] Bergado, D.T., Balasubramaniam, A., Fanni, R.J., and Holtz, R.D. (2002). Prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) in soft Bangkok clay: a case study of the new Bangkok International Airport project. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.39, No.2, pp. 304 – 315.
[51] Balasubramaniam, A., Oh, E. Y.-N. and Phienwej, N. (2009). Bored and driven pile testing in Bangkok sub-soil. Journal of Lowland Technology International. Vol.11, No.1, pp. 29 – 36.
[52] Materials Research and Testing Division. (2016). A Knowledge of Soil Explorations. Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning, Thailand. (in Thai).
[53] Kuvichitjarus, S. (2001). Soil Investigation: Boring, Sampling and Field Tests. Bangkok: Kasetsart University Press. 247.
[54] STS Group. (2016). STS Handbook A Guide for Testing Surveying Investigating and Monitoring for Civil Engineering and Environment Works. Bangkok: STS Engineering Consultants. 256p. (in Thai).
[55] U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Reclamation. (1998). Earth Manual Part 1. The 3rd, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C
[2] Amornfa, K., Phienwej, N. and Kitpayuck, P. (2012). Current practice on foundation design of high-rise buildings in Bangkok, Thailand. Lowland Technology International, Vol. 14, No.2, pp.70 – 83.
[3] Promboon, S. and Jitjurjun, C. (2003). Format of Foundation Failures in Thailand, Academic Article, Inter Consult Co.,Ltd. (in Thai).
[4] Ng, K.C. (1983). The construction problems and performance of large bored piles in second sand layer, Master thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok.
[5] Sambhandharaksa, S. (1989). Recent Piling Practice in Bangkok Plain, Proceedings of the Seminar Engineering for Coastal Development, Bangkok, Vol. 4, pp. 5 – 105 to 5 – 118.
[6] Pimpasugdi, S. (1989). Performance of bored, driven and auger press piles in Bangkok subsoil, Master thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok.
[7] Submaneewong, C. (1999). Behavior of instrumental barrette and bored piled in Bangkok subsoils, Master Thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
[8] Boonyarak, T. (2002). Behavior of polymer slurry for wet-process bored pile construction in Bangkok subsoils, Master thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
[9] Boonyatee, T., Tongjarukae, J., Uaworakunchai, T. and Ukritchon, B. (2015). A Review on Design of Pile Foundations in Bangkok, Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS and AGSSEA, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp.76 – 85.
[10] Yamane, Taro. (1967). Statistics, An Introductory Analysis. 2nd Ed. New York: Harper and Row.
[11] Gibbs, H. J., and Holtz, W. G. (1957). Research on determining the density of sands by spoon penetration testing. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, London, Vol. 1, pp. 35-39.
[12] Bazaraa, R. S. (1967). Use of the standard penetration test for estimating settlements of shallow foundations on sand. Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, Urbana, IL.
[13] Tomlinson, M. J. (1969). Foundation design and construction. 2nd ed. Pitman, London, England
[14] Peck, R. B., Hanson, W. E., and Thornburn, T. H. (1974). Foundation Engineering. 2nd ed. John Wiley, New York. 514 p.
[15] Seed, H.B., Arango, I., and Chan, C.K. (1975). Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction Potential during Earthquakes, Report No. EERC 75-28. Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
[16] Riggs, C. O. (1986). North American Standard Penetration Test practice: An essay: in Use of In-situ Tests in Geotechnical Engineering. ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 6.
[17] Skempton, A. W. (1986). Standard Penetration Test Procedures and the Effects in Sands of Overburden Pressure, Relative Density. Particle Size, Aging and Overconsolidation. Geotechnique, v. 36:3, pp. 425-447.
[18] Liao, S. S. C. and Whitman, R. V. (1986). Overburden Correction Factors for SPT in Sand. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, A.S.C.E., v. 112:3, pp. 373-377.
[19] Seed, H.B., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, L.F., and Chung, R.M. (1985). Influence of SPT Procedures in Soil Liquefaction Resistance Evaluation. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol.111, No.12, pp. 1425-1445.
[20] Clayton, C. R. I. (1990). SPT Energy Transmission: Theory, Measurement, and Significance: Ground Engineering, Vol.23, No.10, pp. 35-43.
[21] Simons, N., Menzies B., and Matthews, M. (2002). A Short Course in Geotechnical Site Investigation, Thomas Telford.
[22] Bjerrum, L. (1972). Embankments on soft ground, proceedings, ASCE specialty Conference on performance on earth and earth supported structures, Purdue University, Lafayette, vol. II, pp. 1-54.
[23] Morris, P.M., and Williams, D.T. (1994). Effective Stress Vane Shear Test Correction Factor Correlations, Canadian Geotechnical Journal. Vol.31, No.3, pp. 335- 342.
[24] Das, G., Lacasse, S., Lunne, I., and Hoeg, K. (1986). Use of In Situ Tests for Foundation Design in Clay. Proceedings of In Situ’86, ASCE, pp.1-30.
[25] Terzaghi, K., and Peck, R. B. (1967). Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, Second Edition, John Wiley, New York, 729p.
[26] NAVFAC (1986) Soil Mechanics: Design Manual 7.01, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Alexandria, Virginia.
[27] Stroud, M. A. (1974). The standard penetration test in insensitive clays and soft rock, Proceedings of the 1st European Symposium on Penetration Testing, Sweden: Stockholm, vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 367-375.
[28] Pitupakorn, W. (1983). Prediction of pile carrying capacity from standard penetration test in Bangkok metropolis subsoil, Master thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
[29] Meyerhof, G.G. (1956). Penetration Test and Bearing Capacity of Cohesionless Soils. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE, Vol.82, No. SM1, pp. 1-19.
[30] Kulhawy, F.H., and Mayne, P.W. (1990). Manual of Estimating Soil Properties for Foundation Design. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, USA.
[31] Sambhandraksa, S. and Thanudklueng, C. (1990). Modulus and Strength of Bangkok Sand Related to SPT Correlation. Proceedings of the 10th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, Bangkok, Taipei, Taiwan, pp. 457 – 462.
[32] Teixeira, A. H., Godoy, N. S. (1996). Analysis, design and execution of shallow foundations. In. HACHICH et al. (eds). Foundations: theory and practice. Sao Paulo: Pini, pp. 227-264.
[33] Skempton, A.W. (1951). The Bearing Capacity of Clays. Proc. Building Research Congress, 180-189.
[34] Skempton, A. W. (1959). Cast-in-situ bored piles in London Clay. Geotechnique, vol. 9, No.4, pp. 153-173
[35] Sower, G. F., Martin, C. B. & Wilson, L. L. (1961). The bearing capacity of friction pile groups in homogeneous clay from model studies. Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Soil Mech. 2, 155,
[36] Tomlinson, M. J. (1995). Pile Design and Construction Practice. 4th edition, Chapman & Hall.
[37] Bowles, J.E. (1996). Foundation Analysis and Design 5th Edition. McGraw Hill, Singapore.
[38] Holmberg, S. (1970). Load testing of driven piles in Bangkok clay. Journal of South East Asian Society of Soil Engineering, Vol. 1, No.2, pp. 61-78.
[39] Tomlinson, M. J. (1980). Foundation Design and Construction.6th Edition. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, England.
[40] Das, B.M. (1995). Principles of foundation engineering. 3rd Edition. PSW publishing Company.
[41] Terzaghi, K. (1943). Theoretical Soil Mechanics. John Wiley, New York.
[42] Vesic, A. S. (1977). Design of pile foundations. Transportation research board. National research council, Washington.
[43] Poulos, HG. and Davis, EH. (1980). Pile foundation analysis and design, Wiley, New York.
[44] Meyerhof, G.G. and Adams, J. I. (1968). The Ultimate Uplift Capacity of Foundations, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.5, No.4.
[45] Bhushan, K. (1982). Discussion: New Design Correlations for Piles in Sands. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE GT, 1508-1510.
[46] The Engineering Institute of Thailand. (1978). Bearing Capacity of pile. (in Thai).
[47] Coyle, H.M. and Castello, R.R. (1981). New design correlations for piles in sand. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 197(GT7), 965-985.
[48] Ladd, C.C., and Foott, R. (1974). New design procedure for stability of soft clays. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. 7, pp.763 – 786.
[49] Sambhandharaksa, S. and Taesiri, Y. (1987). Development of Theory and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering. Theme Lecture No.1, 8th ARC on SMFE, Kyoto, Vol.2.
[50] Bergado, D.T., Balasubramaniam, A., Fanni, R.J., and Holtz, R.D. (2002). Prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) in soft Bangkok clay: a case study of the new Bangkok International Airport project. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.39, No.2, pp. 304 – 315.
[51] Balasubramaniam, A., Oh, E. Y.-N. and Phienwej, N. (2009). Bored and driven pile testing in Bangkok sub-soil. Journal of Lowland Technology International. Vol.11, No.1, pp. 29 – 36.
[52] Materials Research and Testing Division. (2016). A Knowledge of Soil Explorations. Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning, Thailand. (in Thai).
[53] Kuvichitjarus, S. (2001). Soil Investigation: Boring, Sampling and Field Tests. Bangkok: Kasetsart University Press. 247.
[54] STS Group. (2016). STS Handbook A Guide for Testing Surveying Investigating and Monitoring for Civil Engineering and Environment Works. Bangkok: STS Engineering Consultants. 256p. (in Thai).
[55] U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Reclamation. (1998). Earth Manual Part 1. The 3rd, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C