From Tradition to Adaptation: Spatial Transformation of Kyoto Machiya

Abstract

This study investigates the spatial adaptations of everyday Japanese dwellings in Kyoto, known as machiya. Employing Hall’s proxemics theory, it analyzes five heritage-conscious machiya through field surveys and comparative case analyses. The research focuses on the transformation of the earthen floor space, or tōriniwa, its relationship with the raised floor space, and the resultant spatial systems in regenerated machiya.

Findings reveal that traditional machiya are structured by a clear dichotomy between the raised floor/served space and the earthen floor/service space, reinforced by level changes, materials, spatial boundaries, and socio-cultural practices. This is complemented by a subtle spatial gradient from public working to private living quarters, articulated through linear and compartmentalized layouts. Regenerated machiya, however, demonstrate strategic adaptations: dissolving this dichotomy by lowering raised floors, expanding either floor zone, minimizing boundaries, and introducing free-flow layouts to facilitate public, guest-centric use without footwear transitions. Crucially, the nature of the program, i.e. public vs. private, proves more decisive for spatial organization than the number of functions, a significant shift from prior research emphases.

The study concludes that the tōriniwa endures as the architectural and cultural spine, enabling spatial integration. A layered approach to adaptation is key: heritage-focused interventions preserve the external skin for townscape harmony while actively modifying internal space plans and infill. This demonstrates machiya regeneration as a sustainable model of adaptable architecture, where cultural continuity is achieved through the innovative reinterpretation of spatial principles to extend building lifecycles and enhance community resilience.