How Far People Walk During Lunchtime: Comparing Actual and Perceived Walking Distances in the Central Business District of Bangkok, Thailand

Main Article Content

Shusak Janpathompong
Nij Tontisirin
Akinobu Murakami

Abstract

Walking has long been considered a significant factor in wellness. Previous studies have indicated 400-500 meters as a standard of the “acceptable walking distance” as compared to driving or other forms of transportation. However, “acceptable walking distance” and a “distance that one chooses to walk” are two different matters. More importantly, the distance people perceive for a trip can be one of the deciding factors in determining whether they are willing to walk, decide not to walk, or shift to other transportation modes. This research aims to define the optimal walking distances of office workers by measuring the discrepancy between their estimated and actual walking distances in the Central Business District of Bangkok during lunchtime, their most extended break during the day. The descriptive statistic shows that the average walking distance is 302.39 meters, but most workers walked shorter distances since the median distance is 211.66 meters. Nevertheless, these office workers, on the whole, significantly miscalculated their walking distances, with an average over-estimation of 191.45 meters. Regression analysis shows that, when walking for distances up to 380 meters, most workers overestimated the distance they walked, but that, when walking beyond that distance (that is, 380 meters), they estimated correctly, which indicates the maximum actual length they choose to walk.

Article Details

How to Cite
Janpathompong, S., Tontisirin, N., & Murakami, A. (2022). How Far People Walk During Lunchtime: Comparing Actual and Perceived Walking Distances in the Central Business District of Bangkok, Thailand. Nakhara : Journal of Environmental Design and Planning, 21(3), Article 227. https://doi.org/10.54028/NJ202221227
Section
Research Articles

References

Addy, C., Wilson, D., Kirtland, K., Ainsworth, B., Sharpe, P., & Kimsey, D. (2004). Associations of perceived social and physical environmental supports with physical activity and walking behavior. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 440–443. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.3.440

Adkins, A., Dill, J., Luhr, G., & Neal, M. (2012). Unpacking walkability: Testing the influence of urban design features on perceptions of walking environment attractiveness. Journal of Urban Design, 17(4), 499–510.

Alfonzo, M. (2005). To walk or not to walk? The hierarchy of walking needs. Environment and Behavior - ENVIRON BEHAV, 37(6), 808–836. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504274016

Appleyard, D. (1980). Livable streets: Protected neighborhoods? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 451(1), 106–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271628045100111

Appleyard, D. (1981). Livable street. University of California Press.

Arellana, J., Saltarín, M., Larrañaga, A. M., Alvarez, V., & Henao, C. A. (2020). Urban walkability considering pedestrians’ perceptions of the built environment: A 10-year review and a case study in a medium-sized city in Latin America. Transport Reviews, 40(2), 183–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2019.1703842

Ariffin, R. N. R., & Zahari, R. K. (2013). Perceptions of the urban walking environments. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105, 589–597. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.062

Azmi, D. I., Karim, H. A., & Amin, M. Z. M. (2012). Comparing the walking behaviour between urban and rural residents. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68, 406–416. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.237

Ball, K., Bauman, A., Leslie, E., & Owen, N. (2001). Perceived environmental aesthetics and convenience and company are associated with walking for exercise among Australian adults. Preventive Medicine, 33(5), 434–440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2001.0912

Black, C., Collins, A., & Snell, M. (2001). Encouraging walking: The case of journey-to-school trips in compact urban areas. Urban Studies, 38(7), 1121–1141. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980124102

Bosselmann, P., Macdonald, E., & Kronemeyer, T. (1999). Livable streets revisited. Journal of the American Planning Association, 65(2), 168–180.

Bourdeaudhuij, I., Sallis, J., & Saelens, B. (2003). Environmental correlates of physical activity in a sample of Belgian adults. American Journal of Health Promotion : AJHP, 18(1), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.83

Brown, B., Barbara, Werner, C., Carol, Amburgey, J., Gallimore, J., Szalay, & Caitlin. (2007). Walkable route perceptions and physical features converging evidence for en route walking experiences. Environment and Behavior, 39(1), 34–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506295569

Brownson, R., Baker, E., Housemann, R., Brennan, L., & Bacak, S. (2002). Environmental and policy determinants of physical activity in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1995–2003. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.12.1995

Buchanan, C. (1963). Traffic in towns: A study of the long term problems of traffic in urban areas (1st ed.). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

Burke, M., & Brown, A. L. (2021). Distances people walk for transport. Road & Transport Research, 16(3), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.880016006301032

Burke, M., & Brown, A. L. (2007). Distances people walk for transport. Road and Transport Research, 16(3), 16–29.

Cervero, R., & Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation research part D: Transport and environment, 2(3), 199–219.

Cervero, R., Sarmiento, O. L., Jacoby, E., Gomez, L. F., & Neiman, A. (2009). Influences of built environments on walking and cycling: Lessons from Bogotá. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 3(4), 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568310802178314

Cortright, J. (2020, February 19). Understanding walkable density. City Observatory. https://cityobservatory.org/understanding-walkable-density/

Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Geurts, S. A. E., & Taris, T. W. (2009). Daily recovery from work-related effort during non-work time. In S. Sonnentag, P. L. Perrewé, & D. C. Ganster (Eds.), Current Perspectives on Job-Stress Recovery (Vol. 7, pp. 85–123). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3555(2009)0000007006

Design Building. (2020, November 3). Central business district (CBD). https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Central_business_district_(CBD).

Duncan, M., & Mummery, K. (2005). Psychosocial and environmental factors associated with physical activity among city dwellers in regional Queensland. Preventive Medicine, 40(4), 363–372. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.06.017

Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings: Using public space. Landscape Journal, 8(1), 54-55. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.8.1.54

Hartman, G. W. (1950). The central business district--A study in urban geography. Economic Geography, 26(4), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.2307/141260

Horning, J., El-Geneidy, A., & Krizek, K. (2008). Perceptions of walking distance to neighborhood retail and other public services.

Israel, G. D. (1992). Determining sample size. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS. https://books.google.co.th/books?id=hm-xDAEACAAJ

Janpathompong, S., & Murakami, A. (2021). Understanding Thai urban pedestrian culture during noon break: How sidewalk users experience the walking infrastructure in Bangkok, Thailand. Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning, 20(2), Article 115. https://doi.org/10.54028/NJ202120115

Kelbaugh, D. (1989). The pedestrian pocket book: A new suburb design strategy. New York, NY: Princeton Architecture Press.

Kelly, C. E., Tight, M. R., Hodgson, F. C., & Page, M. W. (2011). A comparison of three methods for assessing the walkability of the pedestrian environment. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(6), 1500–1508.

King, W., Brach, J., Belle, S., Killingsworth, R., Fenton, M., & Kriska, A. (2003). The relationship between convenience of destinations and walking levels in older women. American Journal of Health Promotion: AJHP, 18(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.74

Koerniawan, M. (2014). Thermal Comfort and Walkability In Open Spaces of Mega Kuningan Superblock in Jakarta. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.4388.5766

Lindelöw, D., Svensson, Å., Sternudd, C., & Johansson, M. (2014). What limits the pedestrian? Exploring perceptions of walking in the built environment and in the context of every-day life. Journal of Transport & Health, 1(4), 223–231. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2014.09.002

Mehta, V. (2008). Walkable streets: Pedestrian behavior, perceptions and attitudes. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 1(3), 217–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549170802529480

Nuzir, F. A., & Dewancker, B. J. (2016). Redefining place for walking: A literature review and key-elements conception. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 11(1), 59–76.

National Economic and Social Development Council. (2018). Gross regional and provincial product, 2018 edition. https://www.nesdc.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=5628

Owen, N., Humpel, N., Leslie, E., Bauman, A., & Sallis, J. F. (2004). Understanding environmental influences on walking: Review and research agenda. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(1), 67-76.

Ozawa, H., Fukuda, A., Malaitham, S., Vichiensan, V., Luathep, P., & Numa, H. (2021). Evaluation of walking environments around urban railway stations in Bangkok and consideration of improvement plans. Asian Transport Studies, 7, 100038. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eastsj.2021.100038

Pongprasert, P., & Kubota, H. (2017). Switching from motorcycle taxi to walking: A case study of transit station access in Bangkok, Thailand. IATSS Research, 41(4), 182–190. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2017.03.003

Sabzali Yameqani, A., & Alesheikh, A. A. (2019). Predicting subjective measures of walkability index from objective measures using artificial neural networks. Sustainable Cities and Society, 48, 101560. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101560

Saelens, B. E., & Handy, S. L. (2008). Built environment correlates of walking: A review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(7), 550–566. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c67a4

Sapawi, R., Said, I., & Mohamad, S. (2013). Disparities of perception on walking distance by subgroups in urban neighbourhood area. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 85, 513–522. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.380

Saswattawong, T. (2009). Phrưttikam kān bō̜riphōk ʻāhān klāngwan khō̜ng prachākō̜n wai tham ngān nai ʻAmphœ̄ Mư̄ang Chīang Mai [Lunching behavior of working persons in Mueang Chiang Mai District]. Chiang Mai University.

Shaaban, K. (2019). Assessing sidewalk and corridorwalkability in developing countries. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(14), 3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143865

Southworth, M. (1997). Walkable suburbs?: An evaluation of neotraditional communities at the urban edge. Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(1), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369708975722

Srivanit, M., Hokao, K., & Phonekeo, V. (2012). Assessing the impact of urbanization on urban thermal environment: A case study of Bangkok metropolitan. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2(7), 243–256. http://www.ijastnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_7_August_2012/26.pdf

Sukor, N. S. A., & Fisal, S. F. M. (2018). Factors influencing the willingness to walk to the bus stops in Penang Island. Planning Malaysia, 16(1), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.21837/pmjournal.v16.i5.423

Takahashi, M., Fukuda, H., & Arito, H. (1998). Brief naps during post-lunch rest: Effects on alertness, performance, and autonomic balance. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 78(2), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050392

Tipakornkiat, C., Limanond, T., & Kim, H. (2012). Determining an influencing area affecting walking speed on footpath: A case study of a footpath in CBD Bangkok, Thailand. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 391(22), 5453–5464.

Trougakos, J., Beal, D., Green, S., & Weiss, H. (2008). Making the break count: An episodic examination of recovery activities, emotional experiences, and positive affective displays. Academy of Management Journal, 51(1), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2008.30764063

Trougakos, J., Hideg, I., Cheng, B., & Beal, D. (2014). Lunch breaks unpacked: The role of autonomy as a moderator of recovery during lunch. The Academy of Management Journal, 57(2), 405–421. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.1072

Untermann, R. K. (1984). Accommodating the pedestrian: Adapting towns and neighborhoods for walking and bicycling. Van Nostrand Reinhold.

van Soest, D., Tight, M. R., & Rogers, C. D. F. (2020). Exploring the distances people walk to access public transport. Transport Reviews, 40(2), 160–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2019.1575491

Vichiensan, V., & Nakamura, K. (2021). Walkability Perception in Asian Cities: A Comparative Study in Bangkok and Nagoya. Sustainability,13(12), 6825. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126825

Villaveces, A., Nieto, L., Ortega, D., Ríos, J., Medina, J., Gutiérrez, M., & Rodriguez, D. (2012). Pedestrians’ perceptions of walkability and safety in relation to the built environment in Cali, Colombia, 2009-10. Injury Prevention: Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 18(5), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040223

Yang, Y., & Diez-Roux, A. V. (2012). Walking distance by trip purpose and population subgroups. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.03.015