Rain Garden Design for Stormwater Management in Chiang Mai, Thailand: A Research-through-Design Study
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Conventional stormwater management may cause long term environmental issues. Fortunately, Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) can manage stormwater more sustainably. However, the design examples of WSUD elements, such as rain gardens within the geographical and cultural context of Thailand are lacking. This study investigated the patterns of rain garden design suitable for urban areas in Chiang Mai and developed examples of rain garden design processes and prototypes in an urban context for Chiang Mai.
This research used the Research by design Method (RDM), which has great potential in bridging the gap between research and application. The researchers selected the site at the Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University. They designed 2 schematics of rain gardens with local Lanna plants. Then, they compared stormwater capacity with the existing site via the Natural Resources and Conservation Service (NRCS) Curve Number Method. The design results were evaluated by stakeholders and design experts to bridge the gaps between international standards and local contexts.
We found that 1) the west side of the site was most appropriate to develop the pilot project. 2) Both design schematics performed better than the original site. 3) Stakeholders and design experts see the potential of the site, but had concerns regarding its actual performance, maintenance, scale, and safety. This paper offers and provides an example of the rain garden design process which can be used as a baseline for future designs of rain garden and water sensitive urban designs.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Auckland Council. (n.d.). Stormwater forms and guides: Rain garden construction guide. https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/environment/looking-after-aucklands-water/stormwater/docsconstructionguides/rain-gardens-construction-guide.pdf
Ashton, P. S. (1990). Thailand: biodiversity center for the tropics of Indo-Burma. Journal of The Science Society of Thailand, 16, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.1990.16.107
Charoenlertthanakit, N., Wanitchayapaisit, C., Yaipimol, E., Surinseng, V., & Suppakittpaisarn, P. (2020). Landscape Planning for an Agricultural Research Center: A Research-by-Design Case Study in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Land, 9(5), 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9050149
Chumduang, W. (2003). Honghian supsan phumpanya lanna [School of Lanna Wisdom Preservation] [Master's Degree Thesis, Silpakorn University]. Silapakorn University Central Library.
5. Church, S. P. (2015). Exploring Green Streets and rain gardens as instances of small scale nature and environmental learning tools. Landscape and Urban Planning, 134, 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.021
Coutts, A., Loughnan, M., Tapper, N., White, E., Thom, J., Broadbent, A., & Harris, R. (2014). Impacts of Water Sensitive Urban Design Solutions on Human Thermal Comfort: Green cities and microclimate. Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Coties. https://watersensitivecities.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/TMR_B3-1_WSUD_thermal_comfort_no2.pdf
7. Dagenais, D., Brisson, J., & Fletcher, T. D. (2018). The role of plants in bioretention systems; does the science underpin current guidance? Ecological engineering, 120, 532–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.07.007
8. Dunnett, N., & Clayden, A. (2007). Rain gardens: managing water sustainably in the garden and designed landscape. Timber Press, Inc.
9. Emanuel, R., Godwin, D., & Stoughton, C. (2010). The Oregon Rain Garden Guide: Landscaping for Clean Water and Healthy Streams. Oregon Sea Grant. https://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/sgpubs/oregon-rain-garden-guide
Foster, J., Lowe, A., & Winkelman, S. (2011). The value of green infrastructure for urban climate adaptation. Center for Clean Air Policy. https://savetherain.us/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Green_Infrastructure_Urban_Climate_Adaptation.pdf
Franti, T. G., & Rodie, S. N. (2007). Stormwater Management: Rain Garden Design for Homeowners. NebGuide. http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/g1758.pdf
12. Gardner, S., Sidisunthorn, P., & Anusarnsunthorn, V. (2000). A field guide to forest trees of northern Thailand. Kobfai Publishing Project.
Gonzalez-Merchan, C., Barraud, S., Le Coustumer, S., & Fletcher, T. (2012). Monitoring of clogging evolution in the stormwater infiltration system and determinant factors. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 16(sup1), s34–s47. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2012.682457
14. Hinman, C. (2005). Low Impact Development: Technical Guidance Manua for Puget Sound. Washington State University, Pierce County Extension. https://kingcounty.gov/~/media/depts/dnrp/solid-waste/green-building/documents/Low_Impact_Development-manual.ashx?la=en
Hunt, W. F., Lord, B., Loh, B., & Sia, A. (2015). Plant selection for bioretention systems and stormwater treatment practices. Springer Singapore https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-245-6
Jaber, F., Woodson, D., LaChance, C., & York, C. (2013). Stormwater Management: Rain Gardens. The Texas A&M Agrilife Extension Press. https://agrilife.org/watersmart/files/2013/05/Stormwater_rain-gardens_AgriLife.pdf
Ji, L.-J., Peng, K., & Nisbett, R. E. (2000). Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment. Journal of personality and social psychology, 78(5), 943–955. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.943
18. Likitswat, F. (2018). Landscape Transformations Towards Sustainable Urbanism: The Case of Rangsit, Bangkok Peri-Urban [Conference Session]. The 9th Built Environment Research Associates Conference 2018 (BERAC 9), Bangkok Art Conpemporary Center (BAAC), Bangkok, Thailand.
Limthongsakul, S. (2018). Impediments and hindrances for urban runoff management in the context of rapid urban growth:a case study of Kasetsart University, Bangkhen Campus. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN, 5(1), 2–19. https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jed/article/view/136791/101950
20. Madanipour, A. (2010). Whose public space? In A. Madanipour (Ed.), Whose Public Space?: International Case Studies in Urban Design and Development (pp. 237–242). Routledge.
21. Madanipour, A., Knierbein, S., & Degros, A. (2014). Políticas para el espacio público en las ciudades europeas [Politics for public space in European cities]. Gestión y ambiente, 17(1), 115–137.
Mahawan, C.,Jitpairod, K., & Rinchumphu, D (2021). ANALYSIS OF STORMWATER RUNOFF ABSORPTION POTENTIAL PER CONSTRUCTION COST OF GREEN ROOF [Conference Session]. The 26th National Convention on Civil Engineering, Online Conference.
Maneegorn, N., & Panin, O. (2016). Dynamic Aspects of Vernacular Houses at Baan Tung Tom, San Patong, Chiangmai. NAJUA: Architecture, Design and Built Environment, 30. 214–233. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/NAJUA-Arch/article/view/69622/56528
24. Molloy, J., & Albert, R. (2008). Managing Wet Weather with Green Infrastructure [Conference Proceeding]. Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Comminities: Conference, awards & trade show, Baltimore, MD, the United State.
25. Nassauer, J. I. (2011). Care and stewardship: From home to planet. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(4), 321–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.022
26. Nathiwutthikun, K., Peerapun, W., & Paksukcharern, K. (2008). THE LOGIC OF MULTI-USE OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACES IN CHIANG MAI CITY. Nakhara : Journal of Environmental Design and Planning, 4, 45–68. https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/nakhara/article/view/105104
Nawanuch, P., Mairoongroj, B., Sirachockratamanee, P., & mahawajn, P. (2022). Management of Water for Argriculture by the Community. Santapol College Academic Journal, 8(2), 182–190. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/scaj/article/view/257741
Nimsamer, P., & Ramasoot, T. (2015). Vernacular Houses in Riparian Community of Central Plain, Thailand and Coping Capacity of Floods in Present. NAJUA: Architecture, Design and Built Environment, 12. 98–119. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/NAJUA/article/view/44785
Oliveira, L. S., & Franca, A. S. (2015). An overview of the potential uses for coffee husks. In V. R. Preedy (Ed.), Coffee in health and disease prevention (pp. 283–291). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409517-5.00031-0
30. Public Utilities Board of Singapore. (2014). Active Beautiful Clean Waters: Design Guidelines (3rd Edition). Public Utilities Board (PUB).
31. Pour, S. H., Abd Wahab, A. K., Shahid, S., Asaduzzaman, M., & Dewan, A. (2020). Low impact development techniques to mitigate the impacts of climate-change-induced urban floods: Current trends, issues and challenges. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62, 102373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102373
Rinchumphu, D., & Anambutr, R. (2017). Determination of stormwater runoff infiltration on rain water absorbing garden for landscape architecture. Journal of Environmental Design, 4(2), 84–101. https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jed/article/view/111299
Srinurak, N., & Mishima, N. (2014). The impact of urban sprawl on cultivated area in river city of Chiang Mai [Conference Session]. International Symposium on Lowland Technology, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
Srisuwan, A. (2016). Uses and Illumination in public spaces in Chiang Mai City. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN, 3(2), 72–99. https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jed/article/view/73087
35. Stappers, P. J., & Giaccardi, E. (2017). Research through design. In M. Soegaard, & R. Friis-Dam (Eds.), The encyclopedia of human-computer interaction (pp. 1–94). The Interaction Design Foundation.
Strauß, P., Greven, A., & Brettel, M. (2021). Determining the influence of national culture: insights into entrepreneurs’ collective identity and effectuation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17(2), 981–1006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00645-2
Sullivan, W. C. (2005). Forest, savanna, city: evolutionarylandscapes and human functioning. In P. F. Barlett. (Ed.), Urban place, reconnectingwiththe natural world (pp. 237–252). The MIT Press.
38. Suppakittpaisarn, P., Larsen, L., & Sullivan, W. C. (2019). Preferences for green infrastructure and green stormwater infrastructure in urban landscapes: Differences between designers and laypeople. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 43, 126378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126378
Suppakittpaisarn, P., Surinseng, V., Wanitchayapaisit, C., Yaipimol, E., & Xu, Q. (2020). Healthy Ecosystem Services and Healthy Human Settlements: Opportunities and Challenges in Northern Thailand. Landscape Architecture Journal, 27(9), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.14085/j.fjyl.2020.09.0077.12
40. Thanvisitthpon, N., Shrestha, S., & Pal, I. (2018). Urban flooding and climate change: A case study of Bangkok, Thailand. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 9(1), 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425317748532
41. Thipsuwan, C. (2015). FACTORS OF INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF MAERIM SUB WATERSHED, CHIANG MAI PROVINCE. Journal of Social Academic, 8(1). https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/social_crru/article/view/80548
Watson, D., & Adams, M. (2010). The Altered Landscape. In D. Watson, & M. Adams (Eds.), Design for Flooding: Argriculture, Landscape, and Urban Design for Resillience to Flooding and Clomate Change (pp. 91–102). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118259870.ch5
Wells, H., Duffy, L., Nance, M., Fleming, L., Stone, G. A., Townsend, J., & Stevenson, S. L. (2019). Does Culture Matter? : An Exploratory Study of Culture in the Implementation of an Adaptive Sports Program. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 53(3), 224–243. https://doi.org/10.18666/TRJ-2019-V53-I3-9684
44. Zhang, L., Ye, Z., & Shibata, S. (2020). Assessment of rain garden effects for the management of urban storm runoff in Japan. Sustainability, 12(23), 9982. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239982
Zimmerman, J., & Forlizzi, J. (2014). Research through design in HCI. In Olson, J., Kellogg, W. (Eds.), Ways of Knowing in HCI (pp. 167–189). Springer. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0378-8_8