Anti-Democratic Spaces and Impoverishment: Role of Roads in Low-Income Residential Areas
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Published:
Jun 30, 2019
Keywords:
empowerment unintended consequences deprivation sustainability anti-democratic road intensities cities for cars inequality
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Abstract
This article identifies the low-income group as eco-friendly in terms of their favoured transit systems. Despite the group’s eco-friendly and sustainable attributes, they suffer the most in their use of urban spaces, in low-cost housings and in transportation planning, in particular the roads. There is corruption among others who push for road dominance in the infrastructure. There is a call for action in developing the following: greater transparency, democratic approaches, and compact developments with a rich juxtaposition of greenery enhancing pedestrian corridors. Community spaces connecting working areas with the Central Business Districts (CBD) and high densities residencies to be developed are popular and more sustainable options. A pragmatic contextual sensitive approach is demanded. Downsizing road networks within low-income neighbourhoods can empower the poor and their community, while simultaneously mitigating the risk of corruption generated by the development of roads. The problem is global; operational, managerial and strategic in scope with the capacities of enterprising urban poor being wasted in urban-city governance. The recommendations target stopping the conversation of critical government policies into mere rhetoric. Flooding, housing, education, and public health were identified areas for strategic intervention. The Rand study and a review of the DG SANCO EU report was adapted as the approach to this research. ‘Co-petition’ and collaboration among government authorities, built-up professionals, and inclusiveness of targeted population remains imperative; even so, the review of academic curricular and methods towards environmental leadership for sustainability shifts from planning for cities and cars to planning for humans.
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John, A., Allison, M., Amadi, D. E., & Allison, C. (2019). Anti-Democratic Spaces and Impoverishment: Role of Roads in Low-Income Residential Areas. Nakhara : Journal of Environmental Design and Planning, 16, 15–32. https://doi.org/10.54028/NJ2019161532
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Research Articles
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References
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Lambsdorff, J. G. (2002). Making corrupt deals: contracting in the shadow of the law. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 48(3), 221-241. https://doi.org/10.1016 /S-167-2681(0)00217-7
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Mendes, P. D., Ferreira, M. A. V., Reis, N. R., & Pinto, C. S. F. (2018). The influence of arbitrary and pervasive corruption on FDI inflows and the moderating effect of corruption distance: evidence from Latin America. Review of International Business, 13(1), 50-62.
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Odunsi, W. (2018). 2018 budget, government gives breakdown allocation. Daily Post. Retrieved from https://www.dailypost.ng/2018/06/21/2018budget-govt-gives-breakdown-allocation
Record high remittances to low- and middle-income countries in 2007. (2018, April 23). The World Bank. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/04/23/record-high-remittances-to-low-and-middleincome-countries-in-2007/
Siang, T. (2018). The building blocks of visual design. Interaction Design Foundation, g98(12/22), 20-22. Retrieved from https:// interactiondesign.org/litrature/article/the-building-blocks- of-visualdesign?utm_source=newsletter&utm_ medium=emai&utm_content=letter2019-05-28&utm_ campaign=non-members
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Vina, J., Sanchis-Gomar, F., Martinez-Bello, V. & Gomez-Cabrera, M. C. (2012). Exercise acts as drug: the pharmacological benefits of exercise. British Journal of Pharmacology, 167, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j. 14765381.2012.01970.x
Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. (2019). Roads-Arteries of Civilization, g98 (12/22), 20-22. Retrieved from https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/101998927
World Bank Group. (2019). Nigeria, poverty & equity data portal. Retrieved from https://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/NGA
Zeeman, E., & Lotreit, M. (2013). Beyond the expected: an enriched learning experience through learner engagement and participation. Teaching in higher education, 18(2), 179-191. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/13562517.2012. 696540
Agbiboa, D. E. (2012). Between corruption and development: The political economy of state robbery in Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(3), 325-345. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10551-011-1093-5
Ang, Y. Y. (2019). Demystifying belt and road, the struggle to define China’s Project of the Century. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2019-05-22/demystifying-belt-and-road
Bukukuluki, P. (2013). When I steal, it is for the benefit of me and you: Is collectivism engendering corruption in Uganda? International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 5, 27-44. Retrieved from www.Ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=193588.
Chamie, J. (2017, July 13). As cities grow worldwide, so do the numbers of homeless. Yale Global Online. Retrieved from https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/cities-grow-worldwide-so-do-the-numbersof-homeless
Dabla-Norris, E., Kochhar, K., Suphaphiphat, N., Ricka, F., & Tsounta, E. (2015). Causes and consequences of income inequality: A global perspective. Retrieved from www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/ 2015/sdn1513.pdf
Editor. (2017, February 10). Over 108 Nigerians are technically homeless. The Guardian News. Retrieved from https://t.guardian.ng/news/over-108nigerians-are-technically-homeless/
Eid, H. O., Barss, P., Adam, S. H., Torab, F. C., Lunsjo, K., Grivna, M., Abu-Zidan, F. M. (2009). Factors affecting anatomical region of injury, severity, and mortality for road trauma in a high-income developing country: Lessons for prevention. Injury, 40(7), 703-707. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J.injury.2008.07.012
Ejue, E. A., & Madueze, M. C. (2014). Corruption and service delivery in local government system in Nigeria: A content analysis. International Journal of Business and Social Services, 5(10) Retrieved from www.ijbssnet.com/journal/ vol_5_No_10_1_September_2014/13.pdf
Gieseking, J. J., Mangold, W., Katz, C., Low, S. & Saegert, S. (Eds). Section 9: The Social Production of Space and Time. (2014). In J. J. Gieseking et al. (Eds.) The people, place, and space reader. Retrieved from https://peopleplacespace.org/toc/section-9 Reader
Giles-Corti, B., Vernez-Moudon, A., Reis, R., Turrell, G., Dannenberg, A. L., Badland, H., Foster, S., … Owen, N. (2016). City planning and population health: a global challenge. The Lancet, 88(10062), 2912-2924. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30066-6
Gilman, H. R., Sabeel, R. K., & Souris, E. (2018). Building democratic infrastructure, models and policy recommendations for boosting civic engagement and fortifying American democracy. Stanford Social Innovation Review. Retrieved from https://ssir.org/articles/entry/building_democratic_ infrastructure#biofooter
Godinez, J. R., & Ling, L. (2015). Corruption distance and FDI flows into Latin America. International Business Review, 24(1), 332-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iburev.2014.05.006
Hefny A. F., Hani O. Eid, Grivna, M., Firkri M., & Abdul- Zidan. (2012). Bicycle-related injuries requiring hospitalisation in the United Arab Emirates. Injury, 43(9), 1547-1550. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J. injury. 2011.05.016
Homeless World Cup Foundation. (2019). Global homelessness statistics. Retrieved from https:// www.homelessworldcup.org/homelessness-statistics/
Howton, E. (2018, October 17). Nearly half the world lives on less than $5.50 a Day. The World Bank Press. Retrieved from www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/10/17/nearly-half-the-worldlives-on-less-than-550-a-day
John, A. (2000). Primitive life forms as basis for solution to housing problem: Humanised housing, Isaac Boro Estate (Master’s thesis). University of Nigeria, Enugu.
John, A., Allison, F. K., West, I., Chima, I., & Tambari, E. S. (2015). Lemon into lemonade: Revisiting the Niger Delta Creek refineries - fundamentals, technology, and actors. ISOR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology, and Food Technology, 9(6), 57-60. doi: 10.9790/2402-09624966
John, A., Allison, M., Amadi, D., & Allison, C. (2019). Anti-democratic spaces and impoverishment: Role of roads in low-income residential areas. Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning, 16, 15-32. Retrieved from https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/nakhara/article/view/174087
Kanayo, O. (2014). Poverty incidence and reduction strategies in Nigeria: Challenges of meeting 2015 MDG target. Journal of Economics, 25(2), 201-217.
Karnani, A. (2009). Romanticizing the poor. Stanford Social Innovation Review. Retrieved from https://ssir.org/articles/entry/romanticizing_the_poor
Kuo, L. (2019, April 25). Belt and road from China’s “project of the century” hits tough time. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/world/ 2019 25/belt-and-road-from-china-project-/apr/of-the-century-hits-tough-times
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2002). Corruption and rent seeking. Public Choice, 113(1), 97-125. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020320327526.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2002). Making corrupt deals: contracting in the shadow of the law. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 48(3), 221-241. https://doi.org/10.1016 /S-167-2681(0)00217-7
Laudicina, P. A., Peterson E. R., & Courtney R. M. (2019). Investing in a localized world: The 2018 A.T. Kearney Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index. Retrieved from https:www.arkearney.com/foreiign-direct-investment-confidence-index/fullreport.
Loewenberg, S. (2015). The World Bank under Jim Kim. Special Report, The Lancet, 386(9991), 324-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(15)61395-2
Mendes, P. D., Ferreira, M. A. V., Reis, N. R., & Pinto, C. S. F. (2018). The influence of arbitrary and pervasive corruption on FDI inflows and the moderating effect of corruption distance: evidence from Latin America. Review of International Business, 13(1), 50-62.
Nigeria 2019 budget breakdown for roads, housing and power. (2019, April 12). Africa Housing News. Retrieved from www.housingnews.org.ng/2019/04/12/nigeria-2019- budget-breakdown-for-roads-housing-power
Odunsi, W. (2018). 2018 budget, government gives breakdown allocation. Daily Post. Retrieved from https://www.dailypost.ng/2018/06/21/2018budget-govt-gives-breakdown-allocation
Record high remittances to low- and middle-income countries in 2007. (2018, April 23). The World Bank. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/04/23/record-high-remittances-to-low-and-middleincome-countries-in-2007/
Siang, T. (2018). The building blocks of visual design. Interaction Design Foundation, g98(12/22), 20-22. Retrieved from https:// interactiondesign.org/litrature/article/the-building-blocks- of-visualdesign?utm_source=newsletter&utm_ medium=emai&utm_content=letter2019-05-28&utm_ campaign=non-members
Sahara Reporters. (2007). Targeting chief Tony Anenih Mr. Fix It. Retrieved from www.saharareporters.com/2007/07/17/targeting-chief-tony-anenih-mr-fix-it).
The city of red deer (2013). Neighbourhood Planning and Design Standards (pp. 1-69). Retrieved from www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url = https:// www.reddeer.ca/ media/reddeerca/business-in-red-deer.
Tukur, S. (2017, December 13). East-West road designed to fail, yet gulped N300 billion- Minister. Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved from https://premiumtimesng.com/ new/ headlines/252408-east-west-road-designed-failyet-gulped-n300-billion-minister.html
Vina, J., Sanchis-Gomar, F., Martinez-Bello, V. & Gomez-Cabrera, M. C. (2012). Exercise acts as drug: the pharmacological benefits of exercise. British Journal of Pharmacology, 167, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j. 14765381.2012.01970.x
Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. (2019). Roads-Arteries of Civilization, g98 (12/22), 20-22. Retrieved from https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/101998927
World Bank Group. (2019). Nigeria, poverty & equity data portal. Retrieved from https://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/NGA
Zeeman, E., & Lotreit, M. (2013). Beyond the expected: an enriched learning experience through learner engagement and participation. Teaching in higher education, 18(2), 179-191. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/13562517.2012. 696540