Development of High-Strength Geopolymers by High-Reactive Bagasse Ash
DOI: 10.14416/j.ind.tech.2020.12.006
Keywords:
Metakaolin-based geopolymer; High-reactive bagasse ash; Compressive strength; Sodium silicate solution; Silica-rich sodium hydroxideAbstract
Geopolymer is a new material whose properties are similar to cement. Therefore, it is often used in the construction industry due to its high compressive strength. Geopolymers are made from aluminosilicate materials called pozzolanic materials such as metakaolin, fly ash, bagasse ash and rice husk ash mixed with a high alkali solution to occur geopolymerization, however, the agricultural ashes have limited reactivity. Since the pozzolanic materials had low reactivity for geopolymerization, the early compressive strength of geopolymer was low as well. Therefore, this research aimed to prepare the high-reactive bagasse ash by soaking the ash in sodium hydroxide solution to transform into silica-rich sodium hydroxide (SR-NaOH). In this study, the ratio of metakaolin and bagasse ash was 80:20 and the ratio of solid to alkali liquid was 1:1. The quantity of bagasse ash for SR-NaOH was varied as 0, 20 and 50%, mixed with 10M NaOH. The chemical properties were characterized including the functional group analysis by FTIR, the chemical compositions by XRD and the alkalinity test. From the results, it was found that the usage of SR-NaOH with 50 percent of bagasse ash presented the highest compressive strength which was 2 times at 7 day age and 3.5 times at 28 day age higher than that of commercial NaOH.
References
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[2] E. Benhelal, G. Zahedi, E. Shamsaei and A. Bahadori, Global Strategies and Potentials to Curb CO2 Emissions in Cement Industry, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2013, 51, 142-161.
[3] A. Akbar, F. Farooq, M. Shafique, F. Aslam, R. Alyousaf and H. Abduljabbar, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash-Based Engineered Geopolymer Mortar Incorporating Propylene Fibers, Journal of Building Engineering, 2020, 33, 101492.
[4] C.L. Wong, K.H. Mo, U.J. Alengaram and S.P. Yap, Mechanical Strength and Permeation Properties of High Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Containing Recycled Brick Powder, Journal of Building Engineering, 2020, 32, 101655.
[5] J. Davidovits, Properties of Geopolymer Cements, Scientific Research Institute on Binders and Materials, 1994, 1, 131-149.
[6] R. McCaffrey, Climate Change and the Cement Industry, Global Cement and Lime Magazine, 2002, Environmental Special Issue, 15-19.
[7] P.K. Mehta, Greening of the Concrete Industry for Sustainable Development, Concrete International, 2002, 24, 23-28.
[8] J. Davidovits, Global Warming Impact on the Cement and Aggregates Industries, World Resource Review, 1994, 6(2), 263-278.
[9] J. Davidovits, Geopolymers: Inorganic Polymeric New Materials, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 1991, 37(8), 1633-1656.
[10] C. Tippayasam, C. Leonelli, and D. Chaysuwan, Effect of Agricultural Wastes with Fly Ash on Strength of Geopolymers, Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology, 2014, 21(1), 1-7.
[11] C. Tippayasam¸ S. Sutikulsombat, E. Kamseu, R. Rosa, P. Thavorniti, P. Chindaprasirt, C. Leonelli, G. Heness and D. Chaysuwan, In Vitro Surface Reaction in SBF of A Non-Crystalline Aluminosilicate (Geopolymer) Material, Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society, 2019, 55(1), 11-17.
[12] Y.M. Liew, H. Kamarudin, A.M. Mustafa Al Bakri, M. Bnhussain, M. Luqman, I. Khairul Nizar, C.M. Ruzaidi and C.Y. Heah, Optimization of Solids-to-Liquid and Alkali Activator Ratios of Calcined Kaolin Geopolymeric Powder, Construction and Building Materials, 2012, 37, 440-451.
[13] C. Tippayasam, P. Boonanunwong, J. Calvez, P. Thavorniti, P. Chindaprasirt, and D. Chaysuwan, Effect of Porosity and Pore Size on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Metakaolin Blended with Ca(OH)2 and PLA as Porous Geopolymers, Key Engineering Materials, 2016, 690, 276-281.
[14] C. Tippayasam, P. Balyore, P. Thavorniti, E. Kamseu, C. Leonelli, P. Chindaprasirt and D. Chaysuwan, Potassium Alkali Concentration and Heat Treatment Affected Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer, Construction and Building Materials, 2016, 104, 293-297.
[15] A. Fernandez-Jimenez, A. Palormo and M. Criado, Mircrostructure Development of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Cement a Descriptive Model, Cement and Concrete Research, 2004, 35, 1204-1209.
[16] A.M. Hameed, R.R. Rawdhan and S.A. Al-Mishhadani, Effect of Various Factors on the Manufacturing of Geopolymer Mortar, Archives of Science, 2017, 1(3), 1-8.
[17] S. M. Kabir, U. J. Alengaram, M. Z. Jumaat, A. Sharmin and A. Islam, Influence of Molarity and Chemical Composition on the Development of Compressive Strength in POFA Based Geopolymer Mortar, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2015, 647071, 1-15.
[18] Y. S. Zhang, W. Sun and J. Z. Li, Hydration Process of Interfacial Transition in Potassium Polysialate (K-PSDS) Geopolymer Concrete, Magazine of Concrete Research, 2005, 57(1), 33-38.
[19] P. De Silva, K. Sagoe-Crenstil, and V. Sirivivatnanon, Kinetics of geopolymerization: role of Al2O3 and SiO2, Cement and Concrete Research, 2007, 37(4), 512-518.
[20] N. Fifinatasha, M.M.A.B. Abdullah, C.M.R. Ghazali, K. Hussin, M. Binhussain, and A.V. Sandu, Comparison Characterization of Geopolymer Source Materials for Coating Application, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2015, 754, 664-670.
[21] C. Tippayasam, P. Keawpapasson, P. Thavorniti, T. Panyathanmaporn, C. Leonelli, and D. Chaysuwan, Effect of Thai Kaolin on Properties of Agricultural Ash Blended Geopolymers, Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 53, 455-459.
[22] ASTM C109, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens), 2016.
[23] ASTM C642-13, Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete, 2013.
[24] C. Tippayasam, S. Sutikulsombat, J. Paramee, C. Leonelli, and D. Chaysuwan, Development of Geopolymer Mortar from Metakaolin Blended with Agricultural and Industrial Wastes, Key Engineering Materials, 2018, 766, 305-310.
[25] S. Kumar and R. Kumar, Mechanical activation of fly ash: Effect on Reaction, Structure and Properties of Resulting Geopolymer, Ceramics International, 2011, 37(2), 533-541.
[26] D. A. Runyut, S. Robert, I. Ismail, R. Ahmadi, N. A. S. B. Abdul Samat Microstructure and Mechanical Characterization of Alkali-Activated Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2018, 30(7), 04018119.
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Published
2020-12-09
Issue
Section
บทความวิจัย (Research article)
