การสังเคราะห์จีโอพอลิเมอร์จากตะกอนประปาและเถ้าเส้นใยปาล์มน้ำมัน(Synthesis of Geopolymer From Water Treatment Residue and Palm Oil Fuel Ash)
Keywords:
Geopolymer, Water treatment residue, Palm oil fuel ashAbstract
Abstract
This research aimed at synthesizing the geopolymer of water treatment residue and palm oil fuel ash using proper suitable SiO2/Al2O3 ratios by varying the results of compressive strength test and also to examine the quality and microstructure of solidified waste cubes after the maximum of 60 days curing. In the test, the microstructure analysis techniques of XRF XRD SEM were employed. The findings revealed that the proper ratios of SiO2/Al2O3 in synthesizing geopolymer at 2.50 could develop geopolymerization reaction. (In SiO2/Al2O3 test were 1.77, 2.00, 2.50 and 3.00) It was also found that the synthetic geopolymer with optimum compressive strength at 40.56 Ksc. In employing the microstructure analysis technique of XRD and SEM, the changes inside geopolymer structure both before and after the mixing were found. The results can indicate the developing of geopolymerization reaction and synthetic geopolymer products inside the structure of Aluminosilicate source regarding the internal changes as follows; it was found that the peak of Quartz, Potassium Aluminum Silicate (KAlSi2O6), and X-rays diffraction had been superseded by the structure solid of Sodium Aluminum Silicate Hydrate (Na96Al96Si96O384.216H2O; NASH). It was also found Silicon, Aluminum, and Sodium at the same bonding position structure of NASH. As a result, the synthesis of the geopolymer of water treatment residue and palm oil fuel ash can developing strength and changing inside geopolymer structure by appear geopolymer product. Both starting materials can be synthesized and applied in environmental filed.
References
Waste and Hazardous Waste, and Solid Waste
and Hazardous Waste Management”,
Available: http://www.pcd.go.th/infoserv/haz_
report.html#top, 2 July 2016. (in Thai)
[2] J. Davidovits, Geopolymer Chemistry & Applications, 3rd ed, Institute Geopolymer, 16 rue Gelilee, Saint-Quentin France, Insitut Geopolymere, pp. 585. 2008.
[3] P. Duxson, A. Fernandez-Jimenez, J. Provis, G. Lucky, A. Palomo and J. van Deventer, “Geopolymer Technology: The Current State of The Art” J. Mater. Sci., 42, 2007a, pp. 2917-2933.
[4] P. Duxson, S. W. Mallicoat, G. C. Lukey, W. M. Kriven and J.S.J. van Deventer, “The Effect of Alkali and Si/Al Ratio on the Development of Mechanical Properties of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer”, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng., 292, 2007b, pp. 8-20.
[5] A. Fernández-Jiménez, M. MonzÓ, M. Vicent, A. Barba and A. Palomo “Alkaline Activation of Metakaolin-Fly Ash Mixtures: Obtain of Zeoceramics and Zeocements”, Microporous and Mesoporus Materials, 108, 2008, pp. 41-49.
[6] J. L. Provis and J. S. J. van Deventer, “Introduction to Geopolymers”, Geopolymers Structure, Processing, Properties and Industrial
Applications, TJ International limited, Padstow, Cornwall, UK., 2009, pp. 1-6.
[7] A. Buchwald, M. Hohmann, K. Posern and E. Brendler, “The Suitability of Thermally Activate Illite/Smectite Clay as Raw Material for Geopolymer Binders”, Applied Clay Science, 46, 2009, pp. 300-304.
[8] K. J. D. MacKenzie, “Utilisation of non-
Thermally activated clays in the production of
geopolymer,Geopolymers structure, processing,
properties and industrial applicatrions”, New
York Washington, DC: Woodhead Publishing
Limited and CRC Press LLC. 2009.
[9] A. Hajimohammadi, J.L. Provis and J. S.J. van Deventer, “The Effect of Silica Availability On the Mechanism of Geopolymerisation”, Cement and Concrete Research, 41, 2011, pp. 210-216.
[10] P. Chindaprasirt and C. Jaturapitakkul, “Cement, Pozzolan and Concrete” SCG company, Bangkok, 2009. (in Thai)
[11] N. Waijarean, S. Asavapisit, and K. Sombatsompop, “Strength and Microstructure of Water Treatment Residue-Based Geopolymers Containing Heavy Metals”, Construction and Building Materials, 50, 2014, pp. 486-491.
[12] N. Waijarean, S. Asavapisit, and K. Sombatsompop and K. J. D. MacKenzie., “The Effect of the Si/Al Ratio on the Properties of
Geopolymers Prepared from Water Treatment Residue (WTR) Containing Heavy Metals”, The 8th GMSARN Int. Conf. 2013 on Green Growth in GMS: Energy, Environmental
and Social Issues, 18-20 December 2013, Mandalay, Myanmer.
[13] N. Waijarean, S. Asavapisit, and K. Sombatsompop and K. J. D. MacKenzie., “The Effect of the Si/Al Ratio on the Properties of Water Treatment Residue (WTR) –Based Geopolymers”, International Conference on Traditional and Advanced Ceramic 2013 (ICTA2013), 11-13 September 2013, Bangkok, Thailand.
[14] R. A. Fletcher, K. J. D. MacKenzie and C. L. Nicholson, “The Composition Range of Aluminosilicate Geopolymers”, J. Eur Ceram. Soc., 25, 2005, pp. 1471-1477.
[15] C. Montes, “Development of a Geopolymer-Based Cementitious Coating for the Rehabilitation of Buried Concrete Infrastructure. A Dissertation forthe Degree Doctorof Philosophy”, College of engineering and science,Louisiana Tech University, U.S.A. 2010.
[16] M. Yusuf, M. Johari, Z. Ahmad, M. Maslehuddin, “Strength and Microstructure of Alkali-Activated Binary Blended Binder
Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Ground Blast-Furnace Slag”, Construction and Building Materials, 52, 2014, pp. 504-510.
[17] Kabir et al 2017 S.M. A. Kabir, U. J. Alengaram, M. Z. Jumaat, S. Yusoff, A. Sharmin and I. I. Bashar, “Performance
evaluation and some durability characteristics of environmental friendly palm oil clinker based geopolymer concrete”, Journal of cleaner Production, 161, 2017, pp. 477-492.
[18] I.I. Bashar, U. J. Alengaram, M. Z. Jumaat and A. Islam, “Development of Sustainable Geopolymer Mortar using Industrial Waste Materials” materialstoday proceedings, 3, 2016, pp. 125-199.
[19] M.R. Wang, D.C. Jia, P.G. He and Y. Zhou,
“Influence of Calcinations Temperature of
Kaolin on the Structure and Peoperties of Final
Geopolymer”, Material Letters, 64, 2010, pp.
2551-2554.
[20] R.E. Grim, “Clay Mineralogy”, 2nd ed, McGraw-Hill, Inc. printed in the United States of America. 1968
[21] N. H. Rodríguez, S. Martínez-Ramírez, M.T. Blanco-Varala, M. Guillem, J. Puig, E. Larrotcha and J. Flores, “Evaluation of Spray-Dried Sludge From Drinking Water Treatment Plants as a Prime Material for Clinker Manufacture”, Cement & Concrete Composites, 33, 2011, pp. 267-275.
[22] E.Khankhaje, M.W. Hussin, J.Mirza, M. Rafieizonooz,M.N.M.Warid, “On blended cement and geopolymer concretes containing palm oil fuel ash” Materials & Design, 89, 2016, pp. 385-398.
[23] N. Ranjber, M. Mehrali, A. Behnia, U. J. Alengaram and M.Z. Jumaat “Compressive Strength and Microstructural Analysis of Fly ash/Palm Oil Fuel Ash Based Geopolymer Mortar”, Materials and Design, 59, 2014, pp. 532-539.
[24] E. Diaz-Loya, N. Allouche, E. Eklund, S.R. Joshi. and A. Kupwade-Patil, “Toxicity Mitigation and Solidification of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash Using Alkaline Activated Coal Ash”, Waste Management, 32, 2012, pp. 1521-1527.
