Prospects of Digital Watermarking in Providing Security, Reliability, and Privacy to Medical Images
Main Article Content
Abstract
Telemedicine is one of the most eminent terms used in the modern e-healthcare system. Digital medical image reports, along with electronic patient records, play a central role in diagnosis from distance. These reports need to be transmitted over an open communication channel with immense security and reliability, so that appropriate diagnosis can be performed. Moreover, the privacy of the patient is required to be preserved. Digital watermarking is one of the most conventional and suitable practices to serve all of these purposes. New challenges appear in the domain of watermarking with the advancement of digital signal processing; consequently, researchers are endowing more efforts to overcome these challenges. In this paper, a survey on medical image watermarking has been done, and the performance of a few state-of-the-art medical image watermarking techniques is compared. This work makes the researchers and the developers familiar with the recent trends, challenges, and scopes in this domain to facilitate them in finding out adequate research directions.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
WHO, A health telematics policy in support of WHO’s Health-For-All strategy for global health development: report of the WHO group consultation on health telematics, 11–16 December, Geneva, 1997. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1998.
E. M. Strehle and N. Shabde, “One hundred years of telemedicine: does this new technology have a place in paediatrics?” Archives of Disease in Childhood, Vol. 91, no. 12, pp. 956–959, 2006.
M. Z. Karen, “Telemedicine: History, Applications, and Impact on Librarianship,” US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 1996.
A. Anand, A. K. Singh, “Watermarking techniques for medical data authentication: a survey,” Multimed Tools Appl, Vol. 80, pp. 30165–30197, 2021.
S. Bhattacharya, “Survey on digital watermarking – a digital forensics and security application,” Int. J. of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1–7, 2014.
S. Borra, R. Thanki, and N. Dey, “Digital Image Watermarking: Theoretical and Computational Advances,” CRC Press, 2018.
S. Sinha Roy, A. Basu, and A. Chattopadhyay, “Intelligent Image Watermarking for Copyright Protection,” Intelligent Multi-modal Data Processing, pp. 69–96, 2021.
S. Sinha Roy, A. Basu, A. Chattopadhyay, “Intelligent Copyright Protection for Images,” 1st Ed., New York, USA, CRC, Taylor and Francis, 2019.
S. Sinha Roy, A. Basu, A. Chattopadhyay, et al., “Hardware execution of a saliency map based digital image watermarking framework,” Multimed Tools Appl., Vol. 80, pp. 27245–27258,2021
S. Kumar, B. K. Singh. “Entropy based spatial domain image watermarking and its performance analysis,” Multimed Tools Appl, Vol 80, pp. 9315–9331, 2021.
B. Ram, “Digital Image Watermarking Technique Using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Discrete Cosine Transform,” Int. J. of Advancements in Research and Technology, Vol. 2, no. 4, 2013.
W. Xiang–yang, L. Yu–nan, L. Shuo, et al., “A new robust digital watermarking using local polar harmonic transform,” J. of Computers and Electrical Engineering,Vol. 46, pp. 403–418, 2015.
K. Fares, K. Amine, and E. Salah, “A robust blind color image watermarking based on Fourier transform domain,” Optik, Vol. 208, no. 164562, 2020.
A. Susanto, D. R. I. M. Setiadi, C. A. Sari, and E. H. Rachmawanto, “Hybrid Method using HWT-DCT for Image Watermarking,” Int. Conf. on Information Technology for Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM) Denpasar, 2017.
J. Sang, Q. Liu, C-L. Song,“Robust video watermarking using a hybrid DCT-DWT approach,”J. of Electronic Science and Technology. Vol. 18, no. 2, 100052, 2020.
N. S. Kamaruddin, A. Kamsin, L. Y. Por, and H. Rahman, “A Review of Text Watermarking: Theory, Methods, and Applications,” IEEE Access, Vol. 6, pp. 8011-8028, 2018.
G. Hua, J. Huang, Y. Q. Shi, “Twenty years of digital audio watermarking – a comprehensive review,” Signal Processing, Vol. 128, no. 222–242, 2016.
S. Yip, O. C. Au, C. Ho, and H. Wong, “Lossless Visible Watermarking,” IEEE Int. Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp. 853-856, 2006.
T. J. Anumol, V. A. Binson, and S. Rasheed, “FPGA Implementation of Low Power, High Speed, Area Efficient Invisible Image Watermarking Algorithm for Images,” Int. J. of Structural Engineering( IJSE), Vol. 4, no. 8, 2013.
S. Sinha Roy, A. Basu, A. Chattopadhyay, “Secured Diabetic Retinopathy Detection through Hard Exudates,” In: Proc. Research and Applications in Artificial Intelligence. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer, Singapore, Vol. 1355, 2021.
V. S. Verma and R. K. Jha, “An Overview of Robust Digital Image Watermarking,” IETE Technical Review, Vol.32, no. 6, pp. 479-496, 2015.
Z. Wujie, Y. Lu, W. Zhongpeng, et al., “Binocular visual characteristics based fragile watermarking scheme for tamper detection in stereoscopic images,” Int. J. of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 77–84, 2016.
Z. Zhang, H. Yao, Z.Xiang, and Fang Cao, “Self-Embedding Watermarking Algorithm Under High Tampering Rates,” IETE Technical Review, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 17-25, 2021.
X. Yu, C. Wang, X. Zhou, “Review on Semi-Fragile Watermarking Algorithms for Content Authentication of Digital Images,” Future Internet. Vol. 9(4), no. 56, 2017.
A. Rashid, “Digital Watermarking Applications and Techniques: A Brief Review”, Int. J. of Computer Applications Technology and Research, Vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 147-150, 2016.
A. K. Singh, B. Kumar, G. Singh, A. Mohan, “Medical image watermarking techniques: a technical survey and potential challenges In: Medical image watermarking,” Springer, Cham, pp. 13–41, 2017.
F. N. Thakkar, V. K. Srivastava, “A blind medical image watermarking: DWT-SVD based robust and secure approach for telemedicine applications,” Multimed Tools Appl. Vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 3669–3697, 2017.
S. A. K. Mostafa, N. El-sheimy, A. S. Tolba, et al., “Wavelet packets based blind watermarking for medical image management,” Open Biomed. Eng. J., Vol. 4, 93–98, 2010.
J. Mielikainen, “LSB matching revisited,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 285–287, 2006.
H. Xu, J. Wanga, and H. J. Kim, “Near–Optimal Solution to Pair Wise LSB Matching Via an Immune Programming Strategy,” Information Sciences, Vol. 180, no. 8, pp. 1201–1217, 2010.
D. N. Tran, H-J. Zepernick, T. M. C. Chu., “LSB Data Hiding in Digital Media: A Survey,” INIS, EAI, 2022.
A. Basu, T. S. Das, and S. K. Sarkar, “Robust Visual Information Hiding Framework Based on HVS Pixel Adaptive LSB Replacement (HPALR) Technique,” Int. J. of Imaging and Robotics, Vol. 6, pp. 71–98, 2011.
D. Ravichandran, P. Praveenkumar, S. Rajagopalan, et al. “ROI-based medical image watermarking for accurate tamper detection, localisation and recovery,” Med Biol Eng Comput, 2021.
A. Anand, A. K. Singh, “Watermarking techniques for medical data authentication: a survey,” Multimed Tools Appl, Vol. 80, pp. 30165–30197, 2021.
H. V. Singh, A. Rai, “Medical image watermarking in transform domain,” Smart Innovations in Communication and Computational Sciences, pp. 485–493, 2018.
Z. Xia, X. Wang, W. Zhou, et al., “Color medical image lossless watermarking using chaotic system and accurate quaternion polar harmonic transforms,” Signal Process Vol. 157, pp. 108–118, 2018.
J. Liu, J. Li, J. Ma, et al., “A robust multi-watermarking algorithm for medical images based on DTCWT-DCT and Henon map,” Appl Sci, Vol. 9, no.4, pp. 1–23, 2019.
A. K. Singh, M. Dave, A. Mohan, “Multilevel encrypted text watermarking on medical images using spread-Spectrum in DWT domain,”Wirel Pers Commun, Vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 2133–2150, 2015.
A. Zear, A. K. Singh, P. Kumar, “A proposed secure multiple watermarking technique based on DWT, DCT and SVD for application in medicine,” Multimedia Tools Appl., 2016.
A. K. Singh, “Improved hybrid technique for robust and imperceptible multiple watermarking using medical images”, Multimedia Tools Appl., Vol. 76, pp. 8881–8900, 2016.
S. Priya, B. Santhi, P. Swaminathan, J. Raja Mohan, “Hybrid transform based reversible watermarking technique for medical images in telemedicine applications,” Optik – Int. J. for Light Electron Optics Vol. 154, pp. 655–671, 2017.
A. K. Abdulrahman, S. Ozturk, “A novel hybrid DCT and DWT based robust watermarking algorithm for color images,” Multimed Tools Appl, Vol. 78, pp.17027–17049, 2019.
Z. Cui, W. Qi, Y. Liu, and J. Guo, “Research on Region Selection Strategy for Visible Watermark Embedding,” IETE Technical Review, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 5-16, 2021.
Y. Liu, X. Qu, and G. Xin, “A ROI-based reversible data hiding scheme in encrypted medical images,” J Vis Commun Image Represent, Vol. 39, pp. 51–57, 2016.
WIOLETTA, “Biometric watermarking for medical images–example of IRIS code,” Tech. Trans., pp. 409–416, 2013.
M. Vafaei, H. Mahdavi-Nasab, and H. Pourghassem, “A new robust blind watermarking method based on neural networks in wavelet transform domain,” World Appl. Sci. J., Vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1572–1580, 2013.
A. K. Singh, B. Kumar, S. K. Singh, et al.,“Multiple watermarking technique for securing online social network contents using Back propagation neural network,” Futur Gener Comput Syst, Vol. 86, pp. 926–939, 2018.
A. K. Singh, “Robust and distortion control dual watermarking in LWT domain using DCT and error correction code for color medical image,” Multimed Tools Appl., Vol. 78, pp. 30523–30533, 2019.
B. Kumar, H.V. Singh, S.P. Singh, A. Mohan, “Secure spread spectrum watermarking for telemedicine applications,” J. Inf. Secur., Vol. 2, pp. 91–98, 2011.
A. A. Nakhaie, S. B. Shokouhi, “No reference medical image quality measurement based on spread spectrum and discrete wavelet transform using ROI processing,” in Proceedings of 24th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, pp. 121–125, 2011.
K. Pal, G. Ghosh, M. Bhattacharya, “Biomedical image watermarking in wavelet domain for data integrity using bit majority algorithm and multiple copies of hidden information,” Am. J. Biomed. Eng., Vol.2, no. 2, pp. 29–37, 2012
A. Kannammal, K. Pavithra, S. SubhaRani, “Double watermarking of DICOM medical images using wavelet decomposition technique,” Eur. J. Sci. Res., Vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 46–55, 2012.
A. Umaamaheshvari, K. Thanushkodi, “High performance and effective watermarking scheme for medical images,” Eur. J. Sci. Res., Vol.67, no. 2, pp. 283–293, 2012.
M. Soliman, A. E. Hassanien, N.I. Ghali, H. M. Onsi, “An adaptive watermarking approach for medical imaging using swarm intelligent,” Int. J. Smart Home, Vol.6, no.1, pp. 37–50, 2012.
P. Mangaiyarkarasi, S. Arulselvi, “Medical image watermarking based on DWT and ICA for copyright protection,”in Recent Advancements in System Modelling Applications, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, ed. by R. Malathi, J. Krishnan (Eds), vol. 188, pp. 21–33, Springer, New York, 2013.
W. Wioletta, “Biometric watermarking for medical images – example of Iris code,” Tech. Trans. Vol. 1-M, no. 5, pp. 409–416, 2013.
M. A. Hajjaji, E.-B. Bourennane, A. B. Abdelali, A. Mtibaa, “Combining Haar wavelet and Karhunen Loeve transforms for medical images watermarking”, Biomed. Res. Int. 2014,pp. 1–15, 2014.
A. Al-Haj, A. Amer, “Secured telemedicine using region-based watermarking with tamper localization,” J. Digit. Imaging, Vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 737–750, 2014.
L. Gao, T. Gao, G. Sheng, S. Zhang, “Robust medical image watermarking scheme with rotation correction,”in Intelligent Data Analysis and Its Applications, Vol. 2, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, ed. by J.-S. Pan et al. (Eds), Vol. 298, pp. 283–292, Springer, New York, 2014
G. Badshah, S.-C. Liew, J. MdZain, M. Ali, “Watermark compression in medical image watermarking using Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless compression technique,” J. Digit. Imaging, Vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 216–225, 2016.
A. Rai, H.V. Singh, “SVM based robust watermarking for enhanced medical image security,” Multimed Tools Appl, Vol. 76, pp. 18605–18618, 2017.
S. A. Parah, J. A. Sheikh, F. Ahad, et al. “Information hiding in medical images: a robust medical image watermarking system for E-healthcare,” Multimed Tools Appl, Vol. 76, pp. 10599–10633, 2017.
K. Swaraja, “Medical image region based watermarking for secured telemedicine,” Multimed Tools Appl, Vo. 77, pp. 28249–28280, 2018.
H. S. Alshanbari, “Medical image watermarking for ownership & tamper detection,” Multimed Tools Appl., Vol. 80, pp. 16549–16564, 2020.
F. Mendel, N. Pramstaller, C. Rechberger, and V. Rijmen, “Analysis of step-reduced SHA-
,” In Int. workshop on fast software encryption, pp. 126-143, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006.
K. Balasamy, S. Suganyadevi, “A fuzzy based ROI selection for encryption and watermarking in medical image using DWT and SVD,” Multimed Tools Appl., Vol. 80, pp. 7167–7186, 2021.
M. N. Ahmed, S. M. Yamany, N. Mohamed, et al.,“A modified fuzzy C-means algorithm for Bias field estimation and segmentation of MRI data,”IEEE Trans Med Imaging, Vol. 21, pp. 193–199, 2012.
P. Khare, V. K. Srivastava, “A Secured and Robust Medical Image Watermarking Approach for Protecting Integrity of Medical Images,” Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, Vol. 32, no. 2, pp. e3918, 2020.
R. Thanki, A. Kothari, “Multi-level security of medical images based on encryption and watermarking for telemedicine applications,” Multimed Tools Appl., Vol. 80, pp. 4307–4325, 2020.
K. Swaraja, K. Meenakshi, K. Padmavathi, “An optimized blind dual medical image watermarking framework for tamper localization and content authentication in secured telemedicine,” Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, Vol. 55, no. 101665, 2020.
F. Kahlessenane, A. Khaldi, R. Kafi, and S. Euschi, “A DWT based watermarking approach for medical image protection,” J Ambient Intell Human Comput, Vol. 12, pp. 2931–2938, 2021.
X. Zheng, J. Jin,“Research for the application and safety of MD5 algorithm in password authentication,” In: Int. conference on fuzzy systems and knowledge discovery, Sichuan, China, 2012.
S. Basheera, D. BhanuPrakash, P. Naganjaneyulu, “Blind medical image watermarking technique for secure recovery of hidden data,” In: Int. conf. on digital image processing and pattern recognition, Tamil Nadu, India, 2011.
F. Kahlessenane, A. Khaldi, R. Kafi, et al., “A robust blind medical image watermarking approach for telemedicine applications,” Cluster Comput., Vol. 24, pp. 2069–2082, 2021.
P. Singh, K. J. Devi, H. K. Thakkar, and K. Kotecha, “Region-Based Hybrid Medical Image Watermarking Scheme for Robust and Secured Transmission in IoMT,” IEEE Access, Vol. 10, pp. 8974-8993, 2022.
M. Z. Konyar, S. Ozturk, “Reed Solomon Coding-Based Medical Image Data Hiding Method against Salt and Pepper Noise,” Symmetry, Vol. 12, no. 899, 2020.
V. M. Manikandan, V. Masilamani, “A novel image scaling based reversible watermarking scheme for secure medical image transmission”, ISA Transactions, Vol. 108, pp. 269-281,
A. Nagm, M. SafyElwan,“Protection of the patient data against intentional attacks using a hybrid robust watermarking code,” Peer J. Comput. Sci., Vol. 7, 2021.
A. Soualmi, A. Alti, L. Laouamer, “A novel blind medical image watermarking scheme based on Schur triangulation and chaotic sequence,” Concurrency Computat Pract Exper., Vol. 34, no. 1, 2022.
M. Kutter, F.A.P. Petitcolas, “A fair benchmark for image watermarking systems,” J. of Electronic Imaging, Vol. 9,no4, pp. 445-455, 2000.
S. Sinha Roy, S. Saha, and A. Basu, “A Generic Testing Architecture for Digital Watermarking,” Proc. FRCCD-2015, pp. 50-58, 2015.