SPECIAL FEATURE STORY ON “Liquefaction Problems in the 21st Century”

Abstract

 This paper concerns liquefaction problems that were not solved in the 20^th Century. Most of the problems lie in inexpensive structures and existing structures that were out of scope in the past. Efforts are going on to overcome the problems in spite of the imbalance of the required cost and the financial capacity. Seismic performance design is one of the future directions but there are again problems to tackle. It is stressed that qualification of the properties and lands are important because people can recognize the lying hazards and can prepare for the future safety.