41 Years of Mass Transit Underground Railways

Abstract

In 1975 many cities in South East Asia were becoming congested and few had underground railways. Now several cities have underground railway systems comprising several lines and many stations, some extend above ground. Currently underground railways are being built or are being extended in many cities in South East Asia. Construction projects are often large including several sections of tunnels and stations in one contract. This paper reflects on the early days of pioneering and on some of the changes that have taken place in the planning, design, and construction of underground Mass Transit Systems during the last 41 years.