Approaches to the Estimation of Soil Liquefaction Potential in South and Southeast Asian Countries: A Review

Abstract

Liquefaction is a natural phenomenon that occurs during an earthquake when there is excessive pressure of pore water and a drop in effective stress. Granular soils undergo liquefaction, transforming from a solid to a liquid state, and this is one of the main hazards to constructed infrastructures. The main causative parameters controlling the potential to liquefy of the ground are the geotechnical characteristics of the soil layers. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the liquefaction potentials in areas where granular soil is prone to liquefaction. The liquefaction potentials can be calculated through both experimental and numerical methods. In the experimental technique, laboratory tests, including cyclic simple shear, cyclic triaxial, and cyclic torsional shear, as well as field techniques such as the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Cone Penetration Test (CPT), and Shear Wave Velocity (V_s), are utilized. In this study, we reviewed and analyzed the evaluation of the liquefaction potential of the experimental findings using field methods and some laboratory methods, along with software used for modeling, from South Asian nations like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand. Firstly, we described different approaches to evaluate liquefaction potentials; secondly, we discussed the uses of different techniques in various regions of different countries. Lastly, we provided a comprehensive review comparing the techniques utilized by different countries.