Rainfall Impact on Soil Behavior: Landslide Risk Assessment Using Physical Modeling
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Abstract
Landslides are recognized as major geological hazards that can cause significant damage in mountainous areas, where risk factors often include high rainfall, specific soil characteristics, and road construction across elevated terrain. This study considers to analyze soil behavior under continuous rainfall conditions in a high-risk area along Highway No. 1096, Samoeng District, Chiang Mai Province, using physical modeling in a laboratory setting. Two types of soil masses were examined: natural roadside soil with a unit weight of 15.30 kN/m³ and compacted shoulder soil with a unit weight of 18.34 kN/m³, tested under four rainfall intensity levels. The results revealed that the natural soil mass collapsed when rainfall reached 60 mm/hr, while the compacted shoulder soil failed at 160 mm/hr. A landslide intensity index of 0.75 was identified as a critical threshold, marking the onset of continuous failures in natural soil and sudden failure in compacted soil when rainfall exceeded 220 mm/hr. Based on these findings, the study proposes a preliminary warning system using both rainfall thresholds and the landslide intensity index. A Yellow Alert level 60–160 mm/hr is recommended for initial monitoring of soil movement, Dark Yellow for evacuation preparedness, and Orange Alert for road closure when rainfall exceeds 220 mm/hr. Additionally, four distinct types of landslide behavior were identified, providing valuable insights for future prevention and risk management planning in landslide-prone areas.
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