The Innovative Color of Emerald and Dark Violet Honeys from Stingless Bee: A Comparative of Chemical Profile, Physicochemical and Biological Properties
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This research is aimed to report for the first discovery of emerald honey (green honey) from stingless bee in Narathiwat Province, Thailand. The objective of this research was to study the chemical composition of emerald honey and dark violet honey, as well as the physicochemical and biological properties of 4 species of the stingless bee from Narathiwat Province, namely G. thoracica, H. itama, H. bakari and T. laeviceps. The typical characteristic of the emerald honey is the color of the honey in the honey pots (cerumen pots) of the stingless bee raised in the M. cajuputi forest is green like the color of the emeralds. The intensity of the shade ranges from yellowish-green to dark green. The results analysis of LC-QTOF MS and GC MS found that the emerald honey contained of 195 important substances and 2 substances are particular interest comprised of Embelin and Lumichrome. And it has been previously reported to have properties to treat neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and also many types of cancer. For the 16 stingless bee honey samples, total phenolic compound and DPPH radical scavenging activity at IC50 falling in the ranged of 45.20±2.80 to 165.27±0.23 mg GAE/100 g and 9.50±0.39 to 50.61±1.55 mg/mL, respectively. Glycemic index values were falling into the low to moderate range, while sugar profile showed low levels of glucose and maltose but the sucrose has a high percentage. The next research will be to isolate the valuable substances from the emerald stingless bee honey and the medical investigation purposes.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Agussalim, Umami, N., Nurliyani & A. Agus. (2022) Stingless bee honey (Tetragonula laeviceps): Chemical composition and their potential roles as an immunomodulator in malnourished rats. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29, 10340. doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103404
Ahmad, F. T., Lani, M. N., Nazari, S. A., Hajar, N. H. M., Hassan, K. N. A. M., Razak, S. B. A. & Z. Hassan. (2019) Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of honey, propolis and bee bread of stingless bee (Geniotrigona thoracica). Asian J. Agric. & Biol. Special Issue: 76-85.
Ahmad F, Seerangan P, Mustafa MZ, Osman ZF, Abdullah JM, & Idris Z. (2019). Anti-cancer properties of Heterotrigona itama sp. honey via induction of apoptosis in malignant glioma cells. Malays J. Med. Sci. 26(2):30–39. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2019.26.2.4
Arshad, N., Lin, T.S. & Yahaya, M.F. (2020). Stingless bee honey reduces anxiety and improves memory of the metabolic disease-induced rats. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets. 19(2), 115-126. doi: 10.2174/1871527319666200117105133
Arung, E. T., Ramadhan, R., Khairunnisa B., Amen, Y., Matsumoto, M., Nagata M., Kusuma, I. W., Paramita S., Sukemi, Yadi, Tandirogang, N., Takemoto, N., Syafrizal, Kim, Ahmad, Y., K. S., Seerangan, P., Mustafa, M. Z., Osman, Z. F. & Abdullah, J. M. (2021). Cytotoxicity effect of honey, bee pollen, and propolis from seven stingless bees in some cancer cell lines. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(12), 7182-7189. mdoi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.017
Atayoglu, A.T., M. Soylu, S. Silici & Inanc, N. (2016). Glycemic index values of monofloral Turkish honey and the effect of their consumption on glucose metabolism. Turkish Journal Medicial Science, 46, 483-488. doi:10.3906/sag-1502-102
Ávila, S., Beux, M.R., Ribani, R.H., & Zambiazi, R.C. (2018). Stingless bee honey: Quality parameters, bioactive compounds, health- promotion properties and modification detection strategies. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 81, 37–50.
Avila, S., Hornung, P.S., Teixeira, G.L., Malunga, L.N., Apea-Bah, F.B., Beux, M.R., Beta, T. & Ribani, R.H. (2019). Bioactive compounds and biological properties of Brazilian stingless bee honey have a strong relationship with the pollen floral origin. Food Res. Int. 123, 1–10.
Bhuvanendran, S., Bakar, S.N.S., Kumari, Y., Othman, I., Shaikh Mohd. F., & Hassan, Z. (2019a). Embelin improves the spatial memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50954-y
Bhuvanendran, S., Hanapi, N.A., Ahemad, N., Othman, I., Yusof, S. R., & Shaikh, M. F. (2019b). Embelin, a Potent Molecule for Alzheimer’s disease: A proof of concept from blood-brain barrier permeability, Acetylcholinesterase inhibition and molecular docking studies. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13,495. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00495
Bhuvanendran, S., Paudel, Y. N., Kumari, Y., Othman, I., & Shaikh, Mohd. F. (2022). Embelin prevents amyloid-beta accumulation via modulation of SOD1 in a Streptozotocin-induced AD-like condition: An evidence from in vitro investigation. Current Research in Neurobiology, 3, 100032. doi.org/10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100032
Biluca, F.C., da Silva, B., Caon, T., Mohr, E.T.B., Vieira, G.N., Gonzaga, L.V., Vitali, L., Micke, G., Fett, R., Dalmarco, E.M. & Oliveira Costa A.C. (2020). Investigation of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in stingless bee honey (Meliponinae). Food Res. Int. 129, 108756.
Bozin, B., Mimica-Dukic, N., Samojlik, I., Goran, A., & Igic, R. (2008). Phenolics as antioxidants in garlic (Allium sativum L., Alliaceae). Food Chemistry, 111, 925–929. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.071
Camargo J.M.F. & Pedro S.R.M. (2007). Meliponini. In: Moure JS, Urban D, Melo GAR (eds) Catalogue of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical region. Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia, Curitiba, pp 272–578.
Chantarawonga, W., Kuncharoenb, N., Tanasupawatb, S., & Chanvorachote, P. (2019). Lumichrome inhibits human lung cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis via a p53-dependent mechanism. Nutrition and Cancer, doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2019.1610183
Chuttong, B., Chanbang, Y., Sringarm K. & Burgett, M. (2016). Physicochemical profiles of stingless bee (Apidae: Meliponini) honey from South East Asia (Thailand). Food Chemistry, 192, 149–155. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.08
Chuttong, B., Chanbang, Y., Sringarm, K., & Burgett, M. (2016). Physicochemical profiles of stingless bee (Apidae: Meliponini) honey from South East Asia (Thailand). Food Chemistry, 192, 149–155.
CODEX ALIMENTARIUS (2001) Revised Codex Standard for Honey, Codex STAN 12–1981, Rev. 1 (1987), Rev. 2: 1-8.
Danquah, M. (2022). Embelin and its derivatives: design, synthesis, and potential delivery systems for cancer therapy. Pharmaceuticals, 15, 1131. doi.org/10.3390/ph15091131
da Costa, A.C.V., Sousa, J.M.B., da Silva, M.A.A.P., Garruti, D.d. S., & Madruga, M.S. (2018). Sensory and volatile profiles of monofloral honeys produced by native stingless bees of the Brazilian semiarid region. Food Research International, 105,110–1.
de Almeida-Muradian, L.B., Stramm, K.M., Horita, A., Barth, O.M., da Silva de Freitas, A. & Estevinho, L.M. (2013). Comparative study of the physicochemical and palynological characteristics of honey from Melipona subnitida and Apis mellifera. Int. J. Food Sci. 48, 1698–1706
de Sousa, J.M.B., de Souza, E.L., Marques, G., de Toledo Benassi, M., Gullón, B., Pintado, M.M. & Magnani, M. (2016). Sugar profile, physicochemical and sensory aspects of monofloral honeys produced by different stingless bee species in Brazilian semi-arid region. LWT—Food Sci. Technol. 65, 645–651.
do Nascimento, A.S., Marchini, L.C., de Carvalho, C.A.L., Araújo, D.F.D., de Olinda, R.A. & da Silveira, T.A. (2015). Physical-chemical parameters of honey of stingless bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Am. Chem. Sci. J. 7, 139–149.
da Silva, P. de L.M., de Lima, L.S., Caetano, I.K. & Torres, Y.R. (2017). Comparative analysis of the volatile composition of honeys from Brazilian stingless bee by static headspace GC-MS. Food Research International, 102, 536-543. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.036
de Sousa, J.M.B., de Souza, E.L., Marques, G. de Toledo Benassi, M., Gullón, B., Pintado, M.M. & Magnani, M. (2016). Sugar profile, physicochemical and sensory aspects of monofloral honeys produced by different stingless bee species in Brazilian semi-arid region. LWT—Food Sci. Technol. 65, 645–651.
Eardley C.D. (2004) Taxonomic revision of the African stingless bees (Apoidea: Apidae: Apinae: Meliponini). Afr Plant Protect, 10:63–96.
Etu, S. F., Alqahtani, A. & Qais, N. (2021). 5,10-dihydro-7, 8-dimethyl alloxazine as an anticancer agent from lumichrome of riboflavin. J. Drug Des. Devel. 2(1):44-48. doi:10.36959/426/606
Etua, S. F., Hossainb, M. A., Roufa, A. S. S., Alqahtanic, A. & Qais, N. (2021). Molecular docking and anticancer activity determination of 5,10-dihydro-7,8-dimethyl alloxazine derived from lumichrome of riboflavin. Main Group Chemistry, 20,81–88. doi10.3233/MGC-210025
Erejuwa, O.O., Sulaiman, S.A. & Ab Wahab, M.S. (2012). “Honey: a novel antioxidant,” Molecules, 17(4), 4400–4423.
Esa, N.E.F., Ansari, M.N.M., Razak, S.I.A., Ismail, N.I., Jusoh, N., Zawawi, N.A., Jamaludin, M.I., Sagadevan, S. & Nayan, N.H.M. (2022). A review on recent progress of stingless bee honey and its hydrogel-based compound for wound care management. Molecules, 27(10): 3080. doi: 10.3390/molecules27103080
Goal, A., Raj. K., Singh, S. & Arora, R. (2024). Protective effects of Embelin in Benzo[α]pyrene induced cognitive and memory impairment in experimental model of mice. Current Research in Neurobiology, 6,100122. doi.org/10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100122
Goñi, I., Garcia-Alonso, A., & Saura-Calixto, Rs. F. (1997). A starch hydrolysis procedure to estimate glycemic index. Nutrition Research, 17(3), 427-437.
Jain, S. (2020). Nose to brain delivery of embelin with carbidopa nanoparticle for effective management of Parkisonism. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 79 suppl. 1, e3-e126.
Kamath, A. J., Chandy, A. S., Joseph, A. A., Gorantla, J. N., Donadkar, A. D., Nath, L. R., Sharifi-Rad, J. & Calina, D. (2023). Embelin: A multifaceted anticancer agent with translational potential in targeting tumor progression and metastasis. EXCLI Journal, 22:1311-1329. doi: 10.17179/excli2023-6590
Koppal, A., Sivanesan, S., Ramachandra, V.H., Sukumar, E. & Vijayaraghavan, R. (2021). Embelin and levodopa combination therapy mitigates Parkinson's disease complications in mice. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research 55(2) Suppl, 202. doi: 10.5530/ijper.55.2s.118
Krishnasree, V. & Ukkuru, P.M. (2017). Quality analysis of bee honey. International Journal Current Microbiological Application Science, 6(2), 626-636. doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.602.071
Liu, C., Cao, Z., Zhang. W., Tickner, J., Qiu, H., Wang, C., Chen, K., Wang, Z., Tan, R., Dong, S. & Xu, J. (2018). Lumichrome inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption through suppressing RANKL‐induced NFAT activation and calcium signaling. J. Cell Physiol. 1-13. doi: 10.1002/jcp.26841
Mahendran, S., Thippeswamy, B., Veerapur, V., & Badami, S. (2011). Anticonvulsant activity of embelin isolated from Embelia ribes. Phytomedicine, 18, 186–188. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.04.002
Majid, M., Bakar, M.F.A., Mian, Z., Esa, F. & Yeow, Y.K. (2019). Variations of physicochemical properties of stingless bee honey from different botanical origin in state of Johor, Malaysia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 269, No. 1; p. 012028.
Manickavasagam, G., Saaid, M. & Lim, V. (2024). Exploring stingless bee honey from selected regions of Peninsular Malaysia through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–based untargeted metabolomics. Journal of Food Science, 14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16903
Mustafa, M.Z., Zulkifli, F.N., Fernandez, I., Mariatulqabtiah, A.R., Sangu, M., Nor Azfa, J., Mohamed, M. & Roslan, N. (2019). Stingless Bee Honey Improves Spatial Memory in Mice, Probably Associated with Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Inositol 1,4,5-Triphosphate Receptor Type 1 (Itpr1) Genes. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 8258307
Nordin, A., Sainik, N.Q.A.V., Chowdhury, S.R., Saim, A.B. & Idrus, R.B.H. (2018). Physicochemical properties of stingless bee honey from around the globe: A comprehensive review. J. Food Compost. Anal. 73, 91–102.
Raja Nurfatin, R.M.Y., Norhayati, M.K., Mohd Fairulnizal, M.N., Hadi, N., Abdul Manam, M., Mohd. Zin, Z. & Yusof, H.M. (2021). The physicochemical, sensory evaluation and glycemic load of stingless bee honey and honeybee honey. Food Research 5 (1), 99–107.
Ramachandra, V. H., Sivanesan, S., Koppal, A., Anandakumar, S., Howell, M. D., Sukumar, E., & Vijayaraghavan, R. (2022). Embelin and levodopa combination therapy for improved Parkinson’s disease treatment. Translational Neuroscience, 13: 145–162. doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2022-0224
Rao, P.V.; Krishnan, K.T.; Salleh, N. & Gan, S.H. (2016). Biological and therapeutic effects of honey produced by honey bees and stingless bees: A comparative review. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 26, 657–664.
Robledo, D.A.R. & Muhammad G. (2021). Evaluation of the cytotoxic properties of lumichrome-derived compounds on breast adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, and liver carcinoma. Central Asian Journal of Medicine and Natural Science, 2(6), 49-54.
Shamsudin, S., Selamat, J., Shomad, M.A., Ab Aziz, M.F. & Akanda M.J.H. (2022). Antioxidant properties and characterization of Heterotrigona itama honey from various botanical origins according to their polyphenol compounds. Journal of Food Quality, doi.org/10.1155/2022/2893401
Suntiparapop, K., Prapaipong P. & Chantawannakul. P. (2012). Chemical and biological properties of honey from Thai stingless bee (Tetragonula leaviceps). Journal of Apicultural Research 51 (1): 45-52. DOI 10.3896/IBRA.1.51.1.06
Sopade, P.A. & Gidley, M.J. (2009). A rapid in-vitro digestibility assay based on glucometry for investigating kinetics of starch digestion. Starch, 61(5), 245-255. doi.org/10.1002/star.200800102
Thongsaiklaing, T., Satjawattana. K., Palasai, W., Nutalai, J. & Je-arbu, S.2024. Molecular identification of three stingless bees and chemical profiles of their honeys. International Journal of Science and Innovative Technology, 7(1): 58-79.
van Amsterdam, F. Th.M., Roveri, A., Maiorino, M., Ratti E. & Ursini, F. (1992). Lacidipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with antioxidant activity. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 12(3), 183-187.
Vit, P., Pedro, S. R. M., & Roubik, D. (2013). Pot-Honey A legacy of stingless bees (1st ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag New York 363–373.