Creative Science

The application of copper sulfate mixed with Caesalpinia sappan L. extract to increase colorfastness in pressed blush products

Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to increase the colorfastness of pressed blush products by combining copper sulfate with Caesalpinia sappan L. extract. This experiment consisted of four conditions used for color extraction: 70% w w^-1, 95% w w^-1, 70% w w^-1 with 10% w w^-1 copper sulfate, and 95% w w^-1 with 10% w w^-1 copper sulfate. The highest yield percentage of crude extract was found at 70% w w^-1, with the highest absorption value (λ_max) at 70% methanol with 10% w w^-1 copper sulfate. The darkest shade of red was found at 70% w w^-1 with 10% w w^-1 copper sulfate. The development of pressed blush occurred when corn starch was mixed with more white color and smell than arrowroot flour. The highest red color was achieved at 4.5% w w^-1, with the highest red - purple intensity. The microbial contamination test showed no microbial contamination in pressed blush products.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

HIGHLIGHTS

Caesalpinia sappan L. was extracted using maceration methods with methanol solvent. Phytochemical screening revealed pink anthraquinone and anthocyanidins. The chemical properties showed a pH range of 5.31–5.74, maximum light absorption, and mordant increased absorption. A compress blush was developed with corn starch and arrowroot flour, suitable for the cosmetic industry.

Hair treatment products containing pigeon pea oil as chemical properties and anti-oxidant activity

Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

The comparing small type (T9) and big type (ICP 7035), which were extracted by hexane maceration, this study looks at the properties of pigeon pea oil in hair treatment products. It finds that the percentage yield of big seed (ICP 7035) oil is higher than that of small seed (T9) oil, at 9.64 ± 0.10 and 9.32 ± 0.08, respectively. A study on the chemical properties of the oil revealed values for saponification, acidity, iodine, and peroxide. In all trials, T9 outperformed ICP 7035 in terms of test results, demonstrating the presence of fatty acids in the molecular components of triglycerides. Compared to ICP 7035, T9 had a lower molecule weight and a lower saturation level, making it less susceptible to oxidative lipid disorder and the tendency to deplete oil. The flavonoid content of T9 is higher than that of ICP 7035, equal to 27.76 ± 0.65 mg GAE g^-1 extract and 25.90 ± 0.69 mg GAE g^-1 extract, respectively. The flavonoid content of T9 is higher than that of ICP 7035, equal to 20.67 ± 0.58 mg QE g^-1 extract and 18.76 ± 0.65 mg QE g^-1 extract, respectively. The DPPH test showed that T9 was a stronger antioxidant than ICP 7035, with amounts of 0.26 ± 0.04 mg g^-1 of extract and 0.35 ± 0.05 mg g^-1, respectively. The development of hair care products revealed that a mixture containing the optimal dosage of T9 effectively ensured smooth hair lines and prevented microorganism contamination in all recipes.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

HIGHLIGHTS

Pigeon Pea Oil in Hair Care Products
- Comparison of T9 and ICP 7035 oil properties.
- ICP 7035 yield was higher than T9 yield.
- Chemical properties of oil included saponification, acidity, iodine, and peroxide.
- T9 oil had better phenolics, flavonoids, and DPPH values than ICP 7035.
- T9-rich mixtures in hair care products ensure smooth hair lines and prevent microorganism contamination.

PM2.5 modeling based on CALIPSO in Bangkok

Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Air quality has become a severe issue in Bangkok, mainly due to PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with particle size less than 2.5 μm). Aerosol optical depth (AOD) obtained for active satellite data has been widely used to estimate PM2.5 near the ground. Nevertheless, passive satellite data are rarely used to estimate PM2.5 near the ground. In this study, a total AOD in troposphere data achieved from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) was used to determine PM2.5 with climate parameters (Temperature (TEM), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), boundary layer height (BLH), and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using Linear Mixed Effect Method (LMEM). It was found that the coefficient (R²) increases from model 1 (0.87) to model 6 (0.99), and the root mean square error (RMSE) reduces from 2.65 to 0.00 μg/m³. The best model gives an R²=0.99 (models 5 and 6). PM2.5 patterns between observed and predicted show similar representative patterns. Therefore, our study provides CALIPSO AOD data with a potentially helpful estimation of PM2.5.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

HIGHLIGHTS

PM2.5 concentrations were obtained using CALOPSO satellite data
PM2.5 model based on AOD, climate and other parameters
R² of PM2.5 model obtained from the best model more than 0.99

Understanding the persistence of hexachlorobenzene and its intermediates in agricultural chemical usage areas

Wichidtra Sudjarid, Pita Jarupunphol — Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

This study examined the presence and distribution of Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and its derivatives in sediment samples. The investigation was conducted in a watershed along the Lum Stream agricultural area during the 2021 rainy season. The results showed HCB persistence despite being banned for a prolonged period. The water quality, indicated by the suspended solids (SS) and organic content, was evaluated at ten different observation points. However, only trace amounts of chemicals were detected in the sediment samples. The concentration levels of HCB, PeCB, and 1235-TeCB in the sediments ranged from 0.032 to 0.631 ppm, 0.018 to 0.485 ppm, and 0.091 to 0.366 ppm, respectively. The relationship between HCB, SS, and organic content was analyzed monthly, revealing interesting patterns. For instance, June and July exhibited similar trends, while HCB and its intermediates were negatively correlated with distance in September. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between 1235-PeCB and BOD of 0.48. This implies that as the amount of 1235-PeCB increased in the sediment samples, the BOD of the water also increased, suggesting a possible impact of 1235-PeCB on the water quality.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

HIGHLIGHTS

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have been detected in trace amounts over an extended period, constituting a part of the environmental compartment where they remain.
The re-emergence of suspended solids in river water is likely to have a significant correlation with the concentration of Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and its intermediary compounds.