The Journal of Industrial Technology

ปกวารสาร (cover) - JIT volume 20, issue 2, 2024.

Editor — Tue, 27 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

กองบรรณาธิการ (Editorial Board) / วัตถุประสงค์ (Objectives) / บทบรรณาธิการ (Editorial Note) / สารบัญ (Table of Contents)

Editor — Tue, 27 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

The journal of Industrial Technology, 20(2), 2024.

Editor — Tue, 27 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Study of Strength and Corrosion Behavior on Aluminum A1050 and Copper C1100 Joints by Mechanical Steel Bolt, Blind Steel Rivet, and Resistance Spot Weld

Tue, 20 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

A1050 and C1100 are normally used as terminal tabs, they are connected either by mechanical joining, e.g. mechanical bolt, or rivet, or by welding, e.g. resistance spot welding. This study aimed to compare the mechanical bolt, blind rivet, and resistance spot welding methods by measuring important joining properties to support the process selection for joining terminal tabs in pouch cell batteries. T-peel-shaped were created and immersed in a 3.5 wt% NaCl electrolyte solution over different durations. Tensile tests were conducted to ascertain the maximum load-bearing capacity of the various joints. Furthermore, the electrical resistivities of the joints were measured using the 4-point probe technique. The corrosion rates of various joints were calculated from the corrosion current density (I_corr) measured from the Tafel polarization technique. ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used for analyst data comparison of the three joining techniques. Based on the mechanical properties, the mechanical joints by either steel bolt or steel rivet exhibited higher shear peeling strength than the resistance spot welding. The mechanical joining processes were simple with ease of maintenance, however, the use of steel components correlated with heightened corrosion rates and higher resistivity. Spot welding joints tended to produce low joining strength due to the brittleness of the welding spot. Nonetheless, the spot weld joints demonstrated minimal changes in resistivity following corrosion exposure as opposed to the mechanical joining counterparts.

Bicycle Trainer Connected to The Grid

Decha Panprasert, Wara Sadara — Tue, 20 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

The bicycle trainer is connected to the grid by using a bicycle as a mechanical source to drive a DC brushless generator. Then convert the AC voltage to DC voltage to be an energy source for the single-phase inverter connected to the grid. The output voltage from the inverter connected to the grid has a value of 12 volts AC and uses a step-up transformer to raise the voltage to 220 volts AC. The inverter connected to the grid using a single-band hysteresis current control technique. Perform a rectifying mode, step-up voltage or boost converter mode, and inverter connected to the grid mode. Testing result the bicycle trainer connected to the grid measured the real power of 109 watts with a power factor of 0.92 in boost converter mode under load conditions and the inverter connected to the grid was able to supply real power of 107 watts and with a power factor of 0.98. The efficiency of the single-phase inverter connected to the grid equals 63.7%.

Hardness Improvement on Graphite by Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) Reinforcement using Slurry Infiltration

Nitirut Phongsirimethi, Laksika Suyawong , Somsak Siwadamrongpong — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Graphite was an attractive material for high-temperature applications, however, there was limited in its relatively low hardness. In this study, a reinforced graphite composite with Si₃N₄ was developed through infiltrating a silicon slurry onto the graphite surface. The slurry infiltration process was carried out for different durations: 5, 10, and 15 minutes, then sintered at a high temperature of 1,450 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The research revealed the presence of α-Si₃N₄ and β-Si₃N₄ particles in the microstructure of the graphite composite, with higher quantities observed after 15-minute infiltration. The Si₃N₄ reinforcement influenced the porosity of the graphite, resulting in a reduction in porosity and an increase in hardness by 53.98%, 140.18%, and 217.49% after infiltration durations of 5, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively. Notably, the maximum enhancement in hardness (217.49%) was achieved with Si₃N₄ reinforcement and a 15-minute infiltration, attributed to the effective dispersion of Si₃N₄ within the graphite porosity. This led to a remarkable increase in hardness, reaching a peak value of 15.07 GPa. The improvement in mechanical properties and the reinforcement with Si₃N₄ have significantly enhanced the hardness of the graphite composite, making it crucial for developing high-performance materials with abrasion resistance and increased mechanical strength.

Application of Integrated Framework of Kansei Engineering and Kano Model Applied to Healthy Office Chair

Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

In this study, a comprehensive framework that combines Kansei engineering and the Kano model is proposed to aid in the design of healthy office chairs. Kansei engineering focuses on understanding and translating customers' emotional needs, while the Kano model explores the correlation between Kansei words and product design attributes. Kansei engineering consists of several stages, namely the choice of domain, the span of the semantic space, the span of product properties, and synthesis. The healthy office chair was determined in the domain. Kansei words were selected according to the perception of a healthy office chair. The product samples were chosen from the different manufacturers. The questionnaire was answered by the banker that were analyzed using Quantitative Theory 1. The finding shows that the eight Kansei words were affected by customer needs. It includes balance, comfort, ergonomics, features, good quality, relaxation, simplicity, and strength. The product design attributes are 7 attributes, and the sub-attributes are 20 design elements. The partial correlation coefficient is used for mapping the relationship between kansei word and product design attributes. The design attributes were 3 attributes includes adjustable, loading support, and material. The results of this study showed that the new design of healthy office chair attributed with the perception of customer.

Research and Development of a Dual-Fuel Radiant Burner for Diverse Applications: Utilizing of Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Bio-Ethanol

Usa Makmool Grare, Kanokkarn Jirakulsomchok — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

In this article, a dual-fuel radiant burner was developed and tested for home and restaurant cooking. It uses liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and bioethanol with the aim of reducing reliance on fossil fuels, a primary source of greenhouse gas emissions. Bioethanol, as a renewable fuel, shows great promise in replacing LPG. It results in net zero carbon emissions because it can be domestically produced from agricultural waste and products. The burner head comprises lightweight, highly porous ceramic foam made of silicon carbide and incorporates a single conventional gas injector for supplying both fuels. The results showed that the burner provided relatively high stable combustion of both LPG and bioethanol with low calorific value. This is due to the advantage of internal heat circulation of combustion within a porous medium burner. The combustion temperature increases with the firing rate. Increasing primary air has a positive effect on LPG combustion, leading to reduced carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. However, it has the opposite effect on bioethanol combustion, resulting in increased CO emissions with higher primary air entrainments. Firing LPG yields higher combustion efficiency compared to bioethanol. Nevertheless, at a firing rate of 5.50 kW of bioethanol, the maximum temperature reached is similar to that of LPG at the same firing rate, representing the optimal condition for this developed burner using bioethanol as fuel.

Development of Infectious Waste Prototype Bin for Public Toilets in Commercial Buildings

Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

The research aims to create a prototype infectious waste bin for public toilets in commercial buildings to automatically disinfect contaminated toilet paper to prevent the spread of diseases. This study explores commercial buildings to analyze toilet waste management and to design a bin prototype with 3 sections. (1) The first level is a touchless lid for receiving toilet paper waste. (2) The second level is to be sprayed thoroughly over its entire surface with disinfectant (0.1% or 1000 ppm sodium hypochlorite) via 2 positions of fog nozzles made of brass with a flow rate of 7 liters per hour spread disinfectant evenly cover all of the waste within 45 seconds and retrained for 15 minutes to eliminate germs. (3) The waste then passes to the third or bottom level, which operates as a drawer that staff opens to retrieve the waste. The study gathers feedback from facility managers to evaluate the innovative product and establish its credibility. The first factor to be considered is its effectiveness in disinfection. User feedback on functionality, aesthetics, usefulness, and purchase decision is positive. The results of the prototype bin disinfection test showed that it could completely eliminate E. coli. and 99.995% to eliminate B. subtilis.

Application of Failure Mode Effect and Critical Analysis for Risk Management: A Case of Road-rail Transport at the Thai-Lao PDR Cross Border

Jirapan Liangrokapart, Surangkana Rungwattanataratorn — Thu, 22 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness among countries, resulting in the growth of international trade, investment, and cultural exchange. Transport and Logistics are important for economic growth and development, allowing industries to enter potential customers, reduce costs, and enhance efficiency. The cross-border trade requires good transportation and logistics systems to move products and services across borders through road, rail, air, and water transport. As the railway is an environmentally friendly and sustainable mode of transport, but cannot provide transportation service alone without other modes of transport, this study focuses on risk management in road-rail freight transport. The objectives of the study are to identify risks with respect to road-rail freight transport at the cross border between Thailand and Laos PDR and to provide a guideline for risk management for the case study. The risks were prioritized based on the Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) concept. Findings from this research present that the technology risk, the equipment and operations risk, and the organization and personal risk are among the top priorities in need of risk management. Lastly, this research suggests proper risk mitigation guidelines to manage those risks.

Effect of Injection Pressure to Fuel Consumption of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine for Agriculture

Wuttichai Sittiwong — Thu, 22 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

The aim of this research is to compare fuel consumption from standard fuel injection systems with high-pressure fuel injection systems in agricultural single-cylinder diesel engines. In the experiment,modifications were made to the fuel injection system by using a high-pressure pump and a high-pressure rail (common rail).The fuel injection of the injector is electronically controlled. The high-pressure pump is driven by a test engine, Experiments were conducted to compare fuel consumption between standard fuel injection systems and high-pressure fuel injection systems. In addition, the fuel injection pressures were varied from 300 bar, 400 bar, and 500 bar at engine speeds of 1,200 rpm, 1,600 rpm, and 1,800 rpm. The results showed that fuel injection pressure affects the fuel consumption rate and emissions of the engine.High-pressure fuel injection will have lower fuel consumption than standard fuel injection cases when the engine is loaded. In terms of emission results, it was found that if the engine is loaded, the high-pressure fuel injection system would be less polluting than the standard fuel injection system, which will increase if the load on the engine is increased.

An Optimization Process of Automatic Finishing Surface Treatment Al 7075 by a Single Roller Burnishing Tool

Thanawan Bunpheng, Nutsuda Songma, Supanut Ritpraseart, Peerapong Kasuriya — Thu, 22 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

This research designed and developed a single-roller burnishing tool for the automatic finishing surface of 7075 aluminum alloy (Al 7075). The conventional finishing process for such materials requires complex processes such as turning, grinding, and polishing. In addition, the turning process cannot achieve a surface finish with a low roughness. Therefore, the purpose of this research aims to design and fabricate a single-roller burnishing tool that can be installed on a CNC lathe. In addition, the research will study the fundamental mechanisms of surface finishing improvement using a single-roller burnishing tool on Al 7075 and study the parameters that affect the surface quality of Al7075 by combining two automatic processes. This process includes turning and roller Burnishing, which will reduce the complex steps in surface finishing. In the experiment, the following parameters were used in the roller burnishing process: three levels of constant spring force 150, 300, and 450 Newtons, feed rate 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mm/rev, and rotational speed 600 and 1,200 rpm. The results of the experiment showed that the feed rate was the main factor that affected the surface roughness of the workpiece with a statistical significance of 95%. The best feed rate was 0.05 mm/rev, which resulted in a surface roughness of 0.078 µmRa. The surface roughness after the turning process was 0.371 µmRa, which means that the surface roughness was reduced about 4-5 times. In addition, the hardness of Al 7075 after roller burnishing increased by 34%. This shows that the process not only improves the surface roughness quality but also increases the residual stress on the surface of the workpiece.

A Study of the Freeze-Drying Process for Probiotics in Yogurt Produced from a Typical Household Freeze Dryer

Mon, 26 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

The freeze-drying process is a method to reduce moisture in products through a thermodynamics stage that involves freezing the water or solution in food, followed by sublimation. This process results in high-quality products as it effectively minimizes degradation and microbiological reactions compared to other drying technologies. The study focuses on the freeze-drying process of probiotics from yogurt in a continuous operation using an in-house, household-scale, freeze-dryer designed for vacuum freeze-drying. The refrigerant used is R-410A, with a cooling capacity of 3 kW, achieving a condenser temperature of -40°C and a product temperature of -20°C. In the experiment, 3000 g of liquid probiotic from yogurt was spread across six trays measuring 250 mm × 400 mm × 20 mm and dried in the freeze dryer. The study measured temperature, pressure, analyzed the refrigeration cycle, determined the coefficient of performance for cooling, freezing and drying times, drying rates, and electrical energy consumption. It also examined the microbiological content to assess the effect of freeze-drying on probiotic quality before and after drying. It found that the probiotic microorganisms remained sufficiently abundant post-drying for consumption with health benefits.

The Study of the Effect of O2 Contamination on Discoloration at Root Pass Welding of Titanium Grade 2 Pipe ASTM B 861 Using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

Mon, 26 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

This study investigates the discoloration of as-welded titanium pipes using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) in accordance with the NORSOK standard M601:2016, which provides guidelines for welding and inspecting titanium piping. A key focus of this research centers on the precision of visual inspections, particularly when employing a borescope to examine the root weld within the pipe. The principal objective is to establish a standardized reference table for evaluating the discoloration of as-welded titanium pipes at the root, considering both visual inspections conducted with and without a borescope. The GTAW process was conducted under controlled conditions by deliberate manipulation of oxygen concentration in the Argon atmosphere, ranging from 50, 100, 300, to 700 parts per million (ppm). Furthermore, travel speed was regulated to create variations in heat input. A comparative analysis was conducted, contrasting images obtained inside the pipe using a borescope with images of the root after a lengthwise cut. The findings reveal that the images captured through the borescope exhibit darker shading; however, this divergence does not compromise the quality of interpretation. Notably, oxygen concentrations exceeding 100 ppm led to significant discoloration, rendering the material unsuitable for use at any travel speed.

The Work Station Improvement by Ergonomics Principle to Reduce Fatigue from Work of Worker’s in Smoked Rubber Sheets Processing

Weerachai Madtharak, Rungsima Homsettee , Angoon Sungkhapong — Mon, 26 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to assess health problems, ergonomics, and fatigue from work to improve workstations by comparing personal and environmental factors and comparing the ergonomics risk and fatigue from work before and after improving the workstation. The sample comprises workers in a rubber smoked sheet processing factory from Maireang rubber plantation fund cooperation in Chawang District, Nakhonsithammarat Province. The results showed that the Abnormality Index (AI) score was a value to be careful of and it is an unacceptable value. So, it must be corrected immediately. It should improve the workstation, meanwhile, the mean value of RULA was 10, while the REBA was 13, indicating ergonomic problems that required workstation improvement. The Piper fatigue assessment indicated a score of 139 and an average of 6.32, signifying that the worker experienced moderate levels of fatigue from work. From presenting a guideline to improve the workstation by designing a rubber sheet conveying tool that uses the body size data of the sample. Personal factors, environmental factors, and tool evaluation results of experts in terms of an average of 4.20 which is a very reasonable level. The results showed that fatigue and work-related risks, assessed by ergonomic principles, decreased from a RULA score of 10 to 7 and a REBA score from 13 to 6.67. This indicates that there are still unresolved issues in the work environment that require further investigation and improvement. The score was an average of 6.32 down to 4.80. By comparing the results, there was a decrease in the score level due to improvements made to the workstation based on the ergonomics principle.

Identifying the Optimal Location and Capacity of Distributed Generation for Improving Reliability in Distribution System

Papon Ngamprasert, Natchapol Ruangsap, Nattachote Rugthaicharoencheep — Mon, 26 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

This paper presents identifying the optimal location and capacity of distributed generation for improving reliability in distribution system. The objective functions to improve reliability in the distribution systemwith distributed generators. The distributed generators considered are divided into three types viz photovoltaic, wind turbines, and hydropower. The technique identifies the location and capacity of distributed generation by the Tabu search algorithm. The system for the case study is the Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) bus 2. The distribution system consists of 4 feed lines and 22 load points. The maximum load level of bus 2 is 20 MW.The reliability indices considered include eight variables: SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, ASAI, ASUI, ENS, AENS, and ECOST. The results found that the optimal placement of distributed generators can increase the reliability of the distribution system.

Efficiency Enhancement of An Inductive Power Transfer System Used for Battery Charging Through Frequency Control and Compensation Adjustment

Chokchai Chuenwattanapraniti, Montana Rungsiyopas — Mon, 26 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Applying inductive power transfer (IPT) technologies for battery charging enhances user convenience and operational safety. While charging the battery, the current or voltage of the battery varies according to its state of charge. The system controller must be able to maintain a constant charging current or voltage according to the charging profile designated for each type of battery. This can be achieved by sending the appropriate commands to control the operation of the power switches inside the inverter. This article presents techniques for controlling an IPT system by varying the inverter’s switching frequency along with adjusting compensation parameters in order to achieve constant current or voltage charging while maintaining high system efficiency. The experimental results obtained from the testing system indicate an approximate 10% improvement in system efficiency for the constant current mode (CC) and 5% for the constant voltage mode (CV), compared to a fixed switching frequency scheme.

Effect of the Ternary Blends (Ethanol-Biodiesel-Diesel) on Deterioration of a Stationary Agricultural Engine

Sakda Thongchai, Ob Nilaphai, Pornphan Phanphattrapong, Manida Tongroon — Mon, 26 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0700

This study determines the effect of ethanol in the ternary blend on the long-term use of the engine. A stationary agricultural engine is selected for the 500-hour endurance test because of the high feasibility of using ethanol blends as regular in the future. Ethanol 10 % (E10) is mixed with the blend of biodiesel 10% and 90% diesel (B10). So, the test fuel is B10E10. Commercial diesel, which has 7% biodiesel, is also used for the comparison. To simulate the actual application, the engine connected to a water pump was operated to circulate the water. The engine deterioration is evaluated through the change in performance and emissions when compared after 500 hours of use and before the beginning of the test. The engine wear is denoted by the metal contamination in lube oil. Also, the appearance and measured value of parts from the disassembled test engine are used to reveal the engine damage. Moreover, engine oil degradation was also checked by the oil condition and the additive depletion. The results found that torque and fuel consumption changed and indicated engine deterioration as usual. According to lubricant oil results, there is no effect of ternary blend superior to the commercial diesel. No evidence of severe wear can be detected. The engine can run smoothly throughout the test without any adverse consequences. Therefore, the use of ethanol-blended fuel in agriculture engines can expand.