The Journal of Industrial Technology

The journal of Industrial Technology, 21(1), 2025.

Editor — 2025-04-25

ปกวารสาร (cover) - JIT volume 21, issue 1, 2025.

Editor — 2025-04-25

กองบรรณาธิการ (Editorial Board) / วัตถุประสงค์ (Objectives) / บทบรรณาธิการ (Editorial Note) / สารบัญ (Table of Contents)

Editor — 2025-04-25

Assessing Waste Generation Rate from Activities in High-Rise Building Construction for Achieving Sustainable Construction Goals

Chayanid Witthayaphirom — 2025-04-22

This research aims to analyze the waste generation rate from constructing high-rise residential buildings with more than 8 floors. The study focuses on waste from structural and architectural activities. Overall, waste was classified into eight types: concrete debris (50.5%), scrap metals (25.5%), lightweight brick debris (12.0%), formwork timber debris (5.5%), tile debris (4.4%), general waste (1.6%), packaging or material wrappings (0.4%), and PVC waste (0.1%), totaling 280 tons of waste. The waste generation rate per unit area of construction building consists of the main waste components as follows: concrete debris (16.12 kg/m²), scrap metals (8.13 kg/m²), brick debris (3.82 kg/m²), and formwork timber debris (1.76 kg/m²). For architectural work, the waste includes tile debris (1.40 kg/m²), general waste (0.51 kg/m²), packaging (0.13 kg/m²), and PVC waste (0.03 kg/m²). The structural activities with higher waste generation are foundation work followed by tie beam and shear wall work, post-tension slab work, columns, lightweight brick wall construction, and general wall construction. For architectural work, high waste-generating activities are ceiling work, floor finishing, and sanitary fittings installation, respectively. This study highlights the importance of waste management planning, emphasizing construction activities to reduce waste produced at site thus minimize environmental impact and promote sustainable construction.

The Design of Pressure Control System using PD Controller for Light Duty Electric Vehicle

Patiparn Intacharoen — 2025-04-22

This article describes a control method for braking oil pressure control based on a hydraulic brake control system for light-duty electric vehicles. This research aims to investigate and develop an automated braking system to lessen the possibility of accidents and also prevent frontal collisions of vehicles. In this study, a brake management system was designed with a PD controller and a linear motor actuator was chosen to control the brake oil pressure. System identification of the mathematical model is necessary to investigate the relationship between input and output responses in the linear model's range. In order to gain insight into the behavior of this system, a mathematical model was investigated and estimated, and the ideal values for the PD controller were determined as well. These estimated values were then utilized in an optimization process. Using the parameter estimation in the MATLAB Simulink, the control parameters, with the proportional gain value at 27.9606 and the derivative gain at 32.0490, were identified. The developed braking system implemented in a light-duty electric vehicle showed that it could effectively regulate the brake oil pressure using the prescribed parameter. The error value was not more than ±8 psi of the specified value. These findings highlight the potential of the system's applicability to extend to large vehicles further.

Mechanism of Reducing Local Flow Velocity Using Obstacle Trenches in Microfluidics

Teeraphat Kongsaktrakul — 2025-04-22

Trapping efficiency in microwell technique is influenced by both microwell geometry and flow velocity. At higher flow velocity, microplastics tend to flow over microwells resulting in reduced trapping efficiency. Therefore, decreasing flow velocity to enhance trapping efficiency is important. This research introduces triangular obstacle trenches in front of the microwells to reduce local flow velocity leading to the improvement of trapping efficiency. The simulation results show that two mechanisms must occur concurrently to effectively reduce local flow velocity. They are the spreading of streamlines from the apex to the back of triangular trench, and the suitable recirculation inside the trench. In this study, the obstacle trench has dimensions of 600 µm on each side with a depth of 300 µm while the square microwell measured 1,000 µm on each side with a depth of 600 µm. The flow rate was at 0.3 ml/min. Experiments confirmed that the use of triangular obstacle trenches significantly enhanced trapping efficiency by 30 times compared to the case without trenches.

Effect of Crystalline Waterproofing Material on Porosity and Water Absorption in Mortar

Thakdanai Kheaw-on — 2025-04-22

This research investigates the effect of crystalline waterproofing material (CWPM), namely mixing type (CM) and coating type (CC), on reducing porosity and water absorption in mortar. To determine the optimum use of CWPM in the mortar, tests were conducted at water-to-cement (W/C) ratios of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.6. Tests included porosity, water absorption and finally compressive strength, as well as investigating the chemical compounds in the samples to confirm the effects of using CWPM. The amount and applied method of CWPM as the manufacturer's suggestion were used to produce mortar samples, after 40 days all set was wet cured for 30 days before test. The results showed that CWPM both types of significantly reduced porosity and the consequent water absorption, but differently. The W/C and type dependent were clear. The lower W/C and mixing type yielded better porosity, water absorption and compressive strength, compared to the control samples. Both cementitious CWPM type samples showed the more pronounced peaks of CaCO₃ and Ettringite (AFt), especially calcium aluminate silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H), more clearly than the control samples. These results support the enhanced characteristics in both short-term and long-term curing, particularly by improving water resistance and reducing absorption rates. Specifically, the use of mixing-type CWPM with low to moderate W/C ratios (0.3 to 0.4) showed superior results, while coating-type CWPM was more effective with high W/C ratios (0.6) compared to lower W/C ratios.

Development of Cement Board from Concrete Mixed with Hemp Core as Fine Aggregate Substitute

Mongkol Yutthaharn — 2025-04-22

This research focuses on the development of cement boards using hemp core as a fine aggregate substitute combined with cement as a binder. Five mix ratios were designed, consisting of cement: sand: hemp core ratios of 1 :2 :0.11, 1 :2 :0.12, 1 :2 :0.13, 1: 2: 0.14, and 1: 2: 0.15 by weight. The physical and mechanical properties of the cement boards were evaluated according to the Thai Industrial Standard (TIS) 878-2566. The results showed that the density of the boards ranged from 1,752 to 1,783 kg/m³, while the moisture content varied between 2.37% and 3.75%. The flexural strength was recorded at 5.18 to 6.81 kg/cm² at 7 days, and the tensile strength perpendicular to the surface ranged from 0.11 to 0.18 kg/cm² at 7 days. The moisture content and swelling values complied with the TIS 878-2566 standards. However, the density, flexural strength, and tensile strength perpendicular to the surface were below the specified requirements of the standard. This is attributed to the porous nature of the hemp core, which reduces the bonding between the cement and the hemp core. The decreased contact area between the cement matrix and the hemp core resulted in reduced flexural and tensile strength as the proportion of hemp core increased.

Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Stair Using Bisection Algorithm

Kittisak Bannasarn — 2025-04-22

This study proposes the design of a reinforced concrete cantilever stair using the Bisection Algorithm according to the Working Stress Design Method of the Engineering Institute of Thailand (EIT Standard 011007-19). In the design using this algorithm, the total cost of the cantilever stair will be estimated based on current construction material and labor prices. The experiment compared the performance of the Bisection Algorithm with the Hill Climbing Algorithm across three samples. The results indicated that both algorithms can find feasible solutions, but they differed in the number of iterations required. The Bisection Algorithm showed higher efficiency in converging to an optimal solution, reducing the number of iterations by 57.30, 64.23, and 71.63%, respectively, compared to the Hill Climbing Algorithm. In 30 repeated tests, the Bisection Algorithm was found to perform faster, reducing the average number of iterations by 28.56, 42.94, and 49.41%, respectively. Therefore, the Bisection Algorithm can be effectively applied in the design of reinforced concrete cantilever staircase.

Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste from Landfills Using Induction-Heating Reactor

Kittiphon Phongsaku — 2025-04-22

This research studies the pyrolysis process to manage plastic waste by induction heating. The coil is wrapped around the insulated material to generate heat for the pyrolysis process to manage polyethylene (PE) plastic waste at a temperature of 400–600 ˚C. The result suggested that pyrolysis of plastic waste from landfills included polyethylene (PE), the amount of 1 kilogram was performed. It was found that the most pyrolysis oil was obtained at a temperature of 600 ˚C, which was 27.6 % to have the highest heat value of 41.33 MJ/kg, and the amount of oil was reduced according to various temperatures. The least amount of oil was obtained at a temperature of 400 ˚C only 18.2 %wt. In the comparison of the energy consumption to amount of plastic waste(kWh/Kg), it was in the range of 9.60-13.36 kWh/kg. It consumes the highest energy to degradation of plastic waste into oil at 600°C. It consumes the highest energy to break down plastic waste into oil. In addition, comparing the amount of CO₂ gas produced from the pyrolysis process, it was found that a quantity of CO₂ gas (% by volume) of 0.21% obtained from 400 ˚C, at a temperature of 500 ˚C there was a quantity of CO₂ gas of 0.25%, and at a temperature of 600 ˚C there was CO₂ gas of 0.20%. As for the amount of charcoal produced per amount of oil obtained, at a temperature of 400–600 ˚C, the average of amount for charcoal powder was 29%. The highest amount was at 400 ˚C, with 39% of char product. The results showed that the temperature for plastic waste pyrolysis at 600 ˚C produced the highest calorific value which is suitable for use as an alternative fuel in the industrial sector

Floor Mat produced from Tire Crumb Rubber and Polystyrene Wastes

Wiboonpong Boriburana — 2025-04-22

The objective of this work is to study the feasibility of using the disposal of polystyrene packaging plastic and foam as a binding agent for the floor mats, which is produced from recycled tire crumb rubber to replace commercial-grade binders. The influence of tire crumb rubber/aggregate ratio, binder content, bulk density, and product thickness on compressive strength, impact resistance, and water permeability are the main interesting factors. The preliminary results show that the best mechanical properties of tire crumb rubber floor mat can be obtained by using a crumb rubber/aggregate ratio of 75/25 mixed with 5.0 %V/V binder and the bulk density of floor mat is 0.9 g/cm³. Considering the water permeability, all the tire crumb rubber mat floors produced in this work are water - permeable. In this work, the computer program Autodesk Fusion 360 is utilized to design and analyze the strength of floor mats, and a comparison between the numerical and experimental results is carried out. Moreover, the various designs of rib patterns are examined. Good agreements between numerical and experimental results are found. For design purposes, to gain the highest strength-to-weight ratio, it is suggested that the rib pattern, rib width (W), and rib height (H) are important factors. The success of this work shows the high feasibility of utilizing polystyrene waste as a binding material to reclaim plastic wastes and tire rubbers and to reduce environmental problems.

Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Using Rubber Latex as an Ingredient

Nattakamol Kerdjangwat — 2025-04-22

This research is a study of the physical and mechanical properties of glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GRC) mixed with natural rubber latex or synthetic rubber latex. The properties studied include compressive strength, water absorption, and flexural strength of the concrete samples. The test samples for compressive strength had dimensions of 50x50x50 mm according to ASTM C109 standards. The test samples for flexural strength and water absorption were GRC thin plates prepared by spraying to a thickness of approximately 10 mm. Samples were cut into the dimension of 50x250 mm. All samples were tested under bending according to BS EN 1170-5:1998 standards. The appropriate amount of surfactant for use with natural rubber latex was determined through mixing trials to determine the compatibility of the ingredients. The main variables studied include: the amount of natural or synthetic rubber latex in the ratio of 2, 4, and 6 percent by weight of cement replacement. The samples were tested at different ages of 7, 14, 28 and 56 days after water curing. The test results found that using surfactant at 1.0 percent helped the natural rubber to mix well with the mortar without clumping. Replacing Portland cement with natural rubber latex or synthetic rubber latex tended to reduce the compressive strength of the mortar. However, the use of natural rubber latex or synthetic rubber latex would help to reduce water absorption. The lowest water absorption occurred when natural and synthetic rubber latex were used at 2 percent. In addition, the use of natural rubber latex or synthetic rubber latex in samples slightly decreased the stresses at limit of proportionality and modulus of rupture compared to the control sample. However, the toughness of the thin plate samples tended to be higher than those of the control samples when they were cured in water for a longer time.

Impact of Cu-modified Activated Carbon on Natural Rubber Sheet's Mechanical Properties

Wiwat Jeungthanasirigool — 2025-04-22

This investigation evaluated the results of incorporating copper-modified activated carbon into natural rubber sheets on their electrical and mechanical characteristics. copper-modified activated carbon was added at various concentrations (5, 10, and 15 parts per hundred rubber), resulting in a notable enhancement in density as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, the addition of copper-modified activated carbon led to a deterioration in several mechanical properties, including hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and rip strength, with the most significant decline observed in tensile strength. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed that copper-modified activated carbon addition in natural rubber sheets exhibited enhanced electrical properties compared to those containing only activated carbon. The findings suggest that these rubber sheets offer a promising balance between dielectric constants and mechanical durability, making them potential candidates for applications demanding flexible sensors and electrostatic discharge protection.

Characteristics of Biochar Production Derived from Bamboo in a Drum Pyrolyzer

Thanet Unchaisri — 2025-04-22

This study utilizes a drum pyrolyzer to investigate the production of biochar and wood vinegar from bamboo. Bamboo from Prachinburi province in Thailand was used in the experiment. Bamboo was heated to a temperature between 450 °C and 595 °C in a drum pyrolyzer (cylindrical shape). The yields of biochar, wood vinegar, and gaseous products following the pyrolysis process were at 34.6%, 16.6%, and 48.8%, respectively. Based on calculations using the yield of biochar and the heating values of both biochar and raw fuel, the pyrolyzer's energy conversion efficiency was at 44.6%. With moisture content dropping from 11.1% to 4.94%, volatile matter dropping from 78.0% to 39.2%, and fixed carbon rising from 19.8% to 52.4%, the resultant bamboo biochar displayed better properties than the raw material. Compared to the raw bamboo's 19.1 MJ/kg, the biochar's higher heating value (HHV) increased to 24.6 MJ/kg. During the pyrolysis process, the pH of the wood vinegar generated ranged from 2.85 to 3.18. Based on a one-year project timeline, the process showed economic potential with a monthly internal rate of return of 46.75% and a payback period of about two months.

Study Precipitation of Semi-Solid Cast 2024 Aluminium Alloy for Friction Stir Welding

Siriporn Khanthongkum — 2025-04-24

The purpose of this research was to study precipitation in friction stir welded semi solid 2024 aluminium alloy (SSM Al2024). The shape of stir head is cylindrical was employed with 3 parameters which composed of rotational speed (790 rpm), welding speed (22 and 36 mm/min). The results showed that mechanism and effect of precipitated on welded in various areas. The region of base metal (BM) was illustrated the dispersion of precipitate GP zone in matrix obviously and eutectic phase was found dispersedly at grain boundary of globular alpha-aluminium grain (α-Al) and rod-T phase dispersed within the Al matrix. The region stir zone consists of precipitate S´/ S (Al₂CuMg) and rod-T phase (Al₂₀Cu₂Mn₃). While, region TMAZ of the RS and AS was GP zone, precipitate S´/ S, rod-T phase and dislocation. Effect of precipitation on mechanical properties wherewith difference between structure and volume.

Anomaly Detected System Development for Hybrid Power Generation Experimental Set with Solar and Wind Energy

Worrapol Koranuntachai — 2025-04-24

This article aims to design and develop an advanced system for monitoring equipment malfunctions within an integrated solar and wind energy power generation experiment. The system is designed to control an 80-watt hybrid power generation system, combining solar and wind energy. Equipment malfunctions within the experimental setup are monitored through a sophisticated test circuit board in conjunction with Microsoft Visual Basic software, which displays the malfunction status of any damaged equipment, thereby facilitating maintenance procedures. The test results validate that the control and malfunction detection system for the hybrid solar and wind power generation setup can reliably operate with electrical loads as required. Moreover, the equipment monitoring system effectively detects system malfunctions, as verified by the measured values from the test circuit board, which fall within the reference range of standard measuring instruments.

Product Design of Elderly Toy from Wood Plastic Composites with Kansei Engineering

Thanate Ratanawilai — 2025-04-24

The number of elderly individuals facing Alzheimer's disease is increasing. Prevention can be achieved through various forms of brain exercises or brain training games designed specifically for the elderly. This has led to the idea of designing toys that aid in preventing Alzheimer's disease in the elderly, with Kansei engineering being applied in the product design process. Research data were collected from elderly people in Songkhla Province through a survey using four questionnaires, which calculated the sample size at a 90% confidence level, resulting in a total sample of 58 samples. The results found that feelings regarding quality, playfulness, aesthetics, visual comfort, enjoyment, simplicity, and safety allow access to the emotional responses of the elderly towards the product. Additionally, analysis of the Signal-to-Noise ratio and variance was conducted to identify important product characteristics for design. It was found that the design should prioritize features such as rugged surfaces, skill enhancement in stimulating physical movement, analytical play, components weighing less than 250 grams, 1-2 players, medium size, gentle curves, vibrant colors, and simple patterns. These findings led to the design of a prototype product manufactured using 3D printing technology with wood-plastic composite materials. Subsequently, consumer satisfaction analysis yielded a satisfaction rate of 97.6%, reflecting the appropriateness of responding to the needs of the elderly, and designers can use these findings to design and develop a variety of toys for the elderly.