https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/issue/feed Engineering and Applied Science Research 2025-05-01T11:03:07+07:00 Editor of Engineering and Applied Science Research kku.enjournal@gmail.com Open Journal Systems <div style="text-align: justify;"> <h3><strong>Dear EASR Journal members,</strong></h3> <p>For manuscripts submitted from 1 April 2025 onward, authors will be required to pay a one-time article processing charge (APC) of 7,000 Baht upon formal manuscript acceptance. (Announced on: 27/12/2024)</p> <h3><strong>Engineering and Applied Science Research (EASR)</strong></h3> <p>EASR is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles in various fields of engineering. The journal not only presents highly original ideas and advanced technologies, but also practical applications of appropriate technology. EASR aims to provide the most complete and reliable source of information on current developments in the field. Its focus is on rapidly publishing quality manuscripts that are freely available to researchers, scientists, and academics worldwide. </p> </div> <table border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Journal Abbreviation</strong> Eng Appl Sci Res</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>ISSN</strong> 2539-6161 (Print)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>ISSN</strong> <span class="style2">2539-6218</span> (Online)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Start year:</strong> 1974</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Language:</strong> English (since Vol.42 No.3, 2015)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Article Processing Charge (APC):</strong> 7,000 Baht upon formal manuscript acceptance</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Issues per year:</strong> 6 Issues</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Review Method:</strong> Double-blind review</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/40691/33714"><strong>Download Template Guidelines Here</strong></a></p> https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/260873 Characterisation and quality improvement of binder free bio-pellets from the sugar industry residues and grass jelly food wastes for energy purposes 2025-05-01T11:03:07+07:00 Yuvarat Ngernyen nyuvarat@kku.ac.th Thirasima Muangchang thirasima_mu@kkumail.com Atitanan Wattanaporntanapong atitanan.wa@kkumail.com Karatika Ngamlamyong karatika.ng@kkumail.com Apichart Artnaseaw aapich@kku.ac.th Nontipa Supanchaiyamat nontsu@kku.ac.th Pawinee Klangtakai pawinee@kku.ac.th Andrew J. Hunt andrew@kku.ac.th <p>Torrefied pelletised biomass wastes can be a sustainable and efficient solid fuel; however, the addition of binders is frequently required to improve the consistency, durability and overall quality of the pellets. Such additional processes can increase production costs, reduce stability on exposure to moisture, increase ash content and may reduce the heating value of the fuel. Therefore, the production of durable binder free bio-pellets would create a sustainable and economically viable route for producing these solid fuels. Herein, the binder free pelletisation of waste sugarcane leaves and/or grass jelly leaves/stalks from the agricultural industry was investigated for use as bio-based solid fuels. Importantly, the resulting pellets had a diameter, length, moisture content, unit density, bulk density, calorific value and durability that met the international standards (DIN 51731, SS 187120 and CEN/TS 14961) and Thailand standard (TIS 2772–2560). However, the ash content for grass jelly leaves/stalks pellets was 16%, while the blended pellets of 50:50 sugarcane:glass jelly was 7%, both of which were higher than that required by the Thailand standard. The calorific value of the pellets was improved via a torrefaction process at 200 – 300<sup>o</sup>C for between 15 – 60 min. Yields of pellets dropped with increasing temperature and residence time, while the calorific value increases as the torrefaction severity increases from 16,630 – 26,334 kJ/kg. Crucially, this is the first reported pelletisation and torrefaction of sugarcane leave, grass jelly leaves/stalks or a 50:50 blend of these wastes to yield bio-based fuels with calorific values comparable to coal-like fuel pellets. Moreover, the mechanical strength of obtained pellets was still maintained without the use of an additional binder, thus reducing additional processing steps and potential cost. The optimal operating conditions for torrefaction were 250°C for 30 min, resulting in the greatest integrity, calorific value, enhancement factor and energy yield.</p> 2025-06-24T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/260747 Effect of curing methods on compressive strength of pervious concrete containing silica fume and calcium carbonate 2025-03-31T16:41:39+07:00 Mongkhon Narmluk mongkhon.nar@kmutt.ac.th Phatsorn Chinpinklew pimsupa481@gmail.com Chongraksakun Saensaeng jongraksakun.p@gmail.com Oraphan Pookang orphpk09@gmail.com <p>Concrete curing plays a critical role in the development of compressive strength, particularly in pervious concrete, which is highly susceptible to moisture loss due to its porous structure. This study investigates the effects of different curing methods on the compressive strength of pervious concrete and examines how the incorporation of silica fume (SF) and calcium carbonate powder (CC) influences the curing sensitivity index (CSI). Experimental results indicate that water curing consistently yields the highest compressive strength across all pervious concrete mixes at 7 and 28 days, followed by plastic and air curing. The presence of silica fume increases CSI, making pervious concrete more dependent on curing conditions, particularly under air curing. In contrast, calcium carbonate powder reduces CSI, enhancing curing efficiency and mitigating sensitivity to curing variations. Notably, a ternary blend of silica fume and calcium carbonate significantly lowers CSI at early ages, indicating improved curing resilience. However, at 28 days, the effect of CC in mitigating curing sensitivity diminishes slightly, while SF continues to increase curing dependency. These findings suggest that optimal curing strategies should be tailored to the binder composition, with calcium carbonate powder proving effective in stabilizing curing sensitivity. The results contribute to developing more durable and sustainable pervious concrete mixes with enhanced performance under variable curing conditions.</p> 2025-06-19T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/260734 Optimizing the pork supply chain: A model integrating feed production and pig farming with outsourcing and subcontracting costs 2025-02-24T14:31:18+07:00 Thawee Nakrachata-amon thawna@kku.ac.th Supachai Pathumnakul supa_pat@kku.ac.th <p>This study introduces a mathematical model designed to optimize the vertically integrated pork supply chain by addressing key cost factors, including pig farming, feed production, and outsourcing. The model integrates pig fattening and feed production stages, incorporating essential cost components to synchronize farming schedules with feed production plans while minimizing total costs. Computational experiments, using data from an empirical study of Thailand's vertically integrated pork supply chain, were conducted to evaluate the model's efficiency and sensitivity under varying farm sizes and planning horizons. The results demonstrate that the model effectively identifies optimal solutions for shorter planning periods (up to 14 months). However, extended planning horizons and larger farm sizes significantly affect solution times and the quality of feasible solutions. These findings provide valuable insights and practical strategies for pork production companies seeking to enhance cost efficiency and improve supply chain sustainability. Future research should focus on developing advanced heuristics and exploring additional supply chain dynamics within integrated environments.</p> 2025-06-19T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/260433 Banana quality classification using lightweight CNN model with microservice integration system 2025-04-08T14:40:55+07:00 Vasutorn Chaowalittawin 66016086@kmitl.ac.th Woranidtha Krungseanmuang 66016081@kmitl.ac.th Posathip Sathaporn 66016067@kmitl.ac.th Fuka Morita m2432114@edu.cc.uec.ac.jp Tuanjai Archevapanich tuanjai.a@rmutsb.ac.th Boonchana Purahong boonchana.pu@kmitl.ac.th <p>Banana sorting has been performed manually, which often leads to human error due to the high volume and diverse characteristics involved. This paper presents a banana quality classification system using ConsolutechMobileNetV2 (CST-MobileNetV2) to classify banana ripeness into four categories unripe, ripe, overripe, and rotten. A lightweight deep learning model is proposed and integrated with a uniquely designed microservice system to optimize performance while minimizing computational demands. A publicly available dataset containing 13,478 images was used, and the data split into 56% for training, 14% for validation, and 30% for testing. Image normalization and augmentation techniques were applied to enhance the model's robustness. The model's performance was evaluated using a confusion matrix, achieving 98% precision, recall, and F1-score. The proposed model was compared with other deep learning models to benchmark its performance and deployed in different operating systems to evaluate its flexibility and capabilities. The LINE platform was employed as the user interface, enabling practical interaction with users. The system also demonstrated an average response time of 9.25 seconds per image, ensuring efficient processing, delivers high accuracy and scalability making it a practical and efficient solution for automated banana quality classification.</p> 2025-07-15T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/260233 Synthetic flood damage function for direct damage estimation in Loei Town Municipality 2025-01-12T21:30:43+07:00 Teerapol Wiriyapol teerapolkku53@gmail.com Chatchai Peerakamol chatchai_pe@kkumail.com Preenithi Aksorn preenithi@kku.ac.th Prinya Chindaprasirt prinya@kku.ac.th Ketvara Sittichok fengkrs@ku.ac.th Kittiwet Kuntiyawichai kkitti@kku.ac.th <p>The reflection between flood damage phenomena and flood characteristics in the flood-affected areas of Loei Town Municipality where flood damage issue is not deeply examined and documented, is desirable for a more accurate damage estimation. Therefore, based on the available empirical dataset collected during 2021-2023 floods, the site-specific flood damage functions and their curves were developed for assessing direct monetary damage to buildings. The replacement cost for household damaged contents was gathered through survey interview of 637 households, in which 75% and 25% of the entire dataset were randomly split for constructing and validating synthetic functions, respectively. The polynomial function was the best fitting method, rather than the other five damage functions (i.e., exponential, Fourier, Gaussian, Rational, and the Sum of Sines), as characterized by the highest R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.73, while relatively low values of MAE (0.17), MBE (-0.17), and RMSE (0.19) clearly indicated the validity of the synthetic damage function. All relevant data were then entered into the HEC-FIA software for damage estimation based on a structure-by-structure basis. The results revealed that the 2002 flood caused 199,330 USD in damage to Loei Town Municipality, which showed a reasonable agreement with the governmental relief budget (accounted for 56% of the 2002 total flood-relief budget of Loei Province). It is noteworthy that the findings gained from this study may be of assistance when assessing flood damage to buildings for the areas with flood-related data scarcity, in which the depth-damage function/curve developed herein could help pave the way towards more accurate flood damage estimation for risk assessment at local scale. Finally, this study could be technically beneficial for government and local authorities of Loei Town Municipality in making decisions in reducing flood damage and for residents living in flood-prone areas to achieve resilience after flood events.</p> 2025-05-20T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/260210 Enhancing sustainability and key success factors in digital food supply chain management through digital transformation: A fuzzy AHP approach 2025-02-28T10:26:13+07:00 Sirorat Wiwatkajornsak sirorat.w@email.kmutnb.ac.th Chayathach Phuaksaman chayathach.p@eng.kmutnb.ac.th <p>This study investigated the key success factors in digital food supply chain management for Thailand's food retail industry through digital transformation, employing the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) for the integrated digital food supply chain model. Through an extensive literature review and expert consultations, the critical criteria were identified and ranked in the researched domains of digital strategy, digital operations management, digital customer experiences, and digital organization and culture management. Business alignment is the primary focus within digital strategy, followed by technology investments to enable this alignment and data-driven decision-making. Supply chain visibility is considered the most crucial aspect of digital operations management, and data analytics along with inventory management are integral aspects that lead to operational efficiency. In the realm of digital customer experiences, aspects of customer centricity, convenience and accessibility, and order tracking and communication are the top drivers of satisfaction and loyalty. Finally, leadership and vision are recognized as essential for digital organization and culture management, along with fostering digital skills, capabilities, agility, and adaptability. In addition, this study provides a practical framework for improving Thai food retail organizations through the alignment of engineering, organizational, and consumer expectations.</p> 2025-05-22T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/260067 Effect of warm deformation parameters on hardness and microstructure of AISI 1020 low carbon steel for near-net shape forging 2025-01-21T14:36:56+07:00 Napatsakorn Jhonthong napatsakorn.jh@kkumail.com Sukangkana Talangkun sukangkana@kku.ac.th <p>This research aims to present a concept for altering a metal manufacturing process from cold to warm forging thereby reducing unnecessary steps and energy consumption. This will lower costs and increase production profits. The study explores the impact of warm forging process parameters on the hardness and microstructure of low-carbon steel for near-net-shape forging in more than two continuous stages. The material used in this experiment is annealed AISI 1020 carbon steel with chemical additions of 0.01% Ni, 0.03% Cr, and 0.044% Al. The study procedure involves: (i) heating slugs with a height-to-diameter ratio (ho/do) of 2.07 to a temperature range of 200–700 and soaking them for 1 hour. The grain size noticeably increases at temperatures above 500 °C. (ii) The materials were forged at six different temperatures from 200 to 700 with both hardness and microstructure examined at each stage. This was done to determine the recrystallization temperature. The experimental results showed that recrystallization begins at 500 in a warm forging process and becomes more pronounced at 600 to 700 °C. The lowest average hardness value in the transverse direction (TD) occurs at 500 to 700 °C. This suggests that the suitable warm working temperature range should be below 500 °C, as the primary microstructure in the forging process has not yet undergone recrystallization. Our research provides valuable insights for manufacturers aiming to transition from cold to warm forging, emphasizing the importance of precise control over deformation parameters to achieve desired material properties.</p> 2025-03-14T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/260048 Sediment transport analysis in water management system using optimized neural framework 2025-02-27T14:19:12+07:00 Minaxi Rai Sharma mrsharmamrs987@gmail.com Mahesh Waghmare waghmaheshmare@gmail.com Bharati Vikram Mahajan drbvmahajan@gmail.com Rajkuwar Dubal drmrsrajkuwardubal3@gmail.com Preeti Gajghate drpreetigajghate@gmail.com Anandrao R. Deshmukh dranandraordeshmukh@gmail.com <p>In a water management system, sediment prediction is considered a complex process. Conventional sediment prediction techniques are less precise. The sediment predictions through artificial intelligence analysis possess more prediction characteristics than the conventional approaches. One of the divisions of artificial intelligence is the deep learning technique. In this investigation, the deep learning technique is combined with the neural network approach for predicting the sediment parameters of the water management system using a novel Hyena Deep Neural Sediment Framework (HDNSF). Prime contributions are initially, the parameter of the water management system is provided as input to the approach, then the shear stress and transportation stage of the sediments are determined and the outcomes are generated. Thereafter, the mean velocity of the sediment particles, total sediment load, and the rate of total transported sediment are determined for the river system. The outcomes of the water management system are predicted to consist of transported sediment load and rate of transported sediments. Along with that, the determination coefficient of the prediction system is also evaluated. The outcomes of the prediction system and the determination coefficient of the prediction system are compared with recent studies such as Ant Colony Optimization Fuzzy Inference System (ACOFIS), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Least Square Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM), and Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH). A plain river water management system is analyzed, including its characteristics. At the end of fifth month, peak sediment load transport and sediment rate was recorded. The peak sediment load was 124695 tons/day and the peak sediment transport rate was 19636m<sup>3</sup>/s. The coefficient of determination of the proposed HDNSF technique is 0.982.</p> 2025-06-17T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/260010 Hybrid machine learning models: A comprehensive, data-driven evaluation with diverse data partitioning strategies for net radiation estimation 2025-02-14T11:14:01+07:00 Kristian Lorenz Bajao Kristianlorenz.bajao@gmail.com Kittisak Phetpan kittisak.ph@kmitl.ac.th Ponlawat Chophuk ponlawat.ch@buu.ac.th Rattapong Suwalak rattapong.su@kmitl.ac.th <p>Surface net radiation (R<sub>n</sub>) is crucial for climate modeling and agricultural management but is often not readily available, especially in regions like Thailand. Accurate prediction of R<sub>n</sub> is essential for estimating evapotranspiration, which is vital for irrigation planning and agricultural productivity. This study develops a hybrid machine learning framework that incorporates K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) for missing data imputation, Random Forest-Recursive Feature Elimination (RF-RFE) for feature selection, and machine learning models (Multi-layer Perceptron, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Random Forest) for prediction. The research evaluates various data partitioning methods, including hold-out split, K-fold cross-validation, and growing-window forward-validation (gwFV), alongside hyperparameter tuning using GridSearch to enhance model robustness and prevent overfitting. The primary objectives are to develop and evaluate the hybrid ML models for daily R<sub>n</sub> estimation using basic meteorological inputs (temperature, relative humidity, and sunshine duration), assess the impact of different input combinations on prediction accuracy in Sawi, Chumphon, Thailand, and compare data partitioning techniques to determine the optimal model performance. Utilizing FAO56PM-calculated R<sub>n</sub> as a reference, this study finds that the Random Forest model, with average temperature and sunshine duration (M2) as inputs evaluated under the gwFV method, achieves the highest stability and high accuracy (R² of 0.972, RMSE of 0.457 MJ m<sup>-2</sup> day<sup>-1</sup>, and MAPE of 3.50%). The Random Forest demonstrates strong generalization capabilities, making it a reliable choice. Even models using only sunshine duration (M3) perform adequately, offering a solution when data availability is scarce. This study concludes that hybrid machine learning models, combined with careful data partitioning, significantly improve R<sub>n</sub> estimation. These advancements provide valuable insights for climate modeling, agricultural management, and irrigation scheduling, particularly in data-scarce regions.</p> 2025-04-17T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/259943 Green-Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 anatase nanoparticles as photocatalyst materials of methylene blue degradation 2025-03-21T15:52:48+07:00 Munasir munasir_physics@unesa.ac.id Soffin Harjasa Setiawan Okto soffin.19011@mhs.unesa.ac.id Nuhaa Faaizatunnisa nuhaafn@gmail.com Fitriana fitrianafitriana@unesa.ac.id <p>Water pollution is a critical global issue, hindering the achievement of SDG-6 on clean water and sanitation. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as effective photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants. Green synthesis, utilizing plant-derived phytochemicals as natural reducing and capping agents, offers an eco-friendly alternative to conventional methods. This study reports the green synthesis of TiO₂ NPs using just (<em>Syzygium cumini</em>) leaf extract as a reductant. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, XRF, FTIR, UV-Vis, bandgap analysis, SEM, and TEM. The results confirmed the formation of anatase-phase TiO₂ with 98.21% purity (XRF), a spherical morphology (»10-50 nm), and a bandgap of 2.94 eV. Photocatalytic tests demonstrated 94.92% and 95.89% methylene blue degradation efficiencies after 180 and 240 minutes under UV light. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized TiO₂ NPs for environmental remediation. Future studies should explore modifications to enhance photocatalytic performance for wastewater treatment applications.</p> 2025-06-30T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/259884 Effect of the waste bottom ash strengthened the problematic clay soil: The use of by-product material 2025-02-03T22:03:46+07:00 Ng Jun Shen jshenng98@gmail.com Muzamir Hasan muzamir@umpsa.edu.my Nabilah Md Mashod Fakeh nabilahfakeh@gmail.com <p>The extraction of industrial by-products such as bottom ash from power plants to the research areas can be lucrative for the economy and environment. In the civil engineering field, the soil condition which is filled with abundant soft clay soil has always been a problematic issue. Previous studies examined the available techniques of ground improvement for instance the installation of a granular pile is an efficient method to treat the soft clay soil, resolving the detrimental issues of lower value of soil’s bearing capacity, soil settlement occurrence, greater compressibility, and erodibility. Coherent to that, this research deployed the Vibro-replacement technique in fabricating the single bottom ash column beneath the clay soil to rectify the weak engineering properties of clay soil. The raw kaolin clay and bottom ash were examined through the geotechnical approaches, the distribution of particle size (PSD), Atterberg limit, relative density, pycnometer, hydrometer, falling head, constant head, and standard proctor. Via the Unconfined Compression Test (UCT), 20 specimens from unreinforced and reinforced categories were investigated. The average shear strength value from 5 identical specimens was utilized, considering the Column Penetrating Ratio (CPR), Column Height to Column Diameter Ratio (HDR), and Column Volume Replacement Ratio (CVR). The maximum shear strength improvement occurred in the S1680 sample, recorded at 58.66% at the CPR (0.8), HDR (5.00), and CVR (8.19%). Hence, the research findings verified that bottom ash as a sustainable material can raise the clay’s strength effectively.</p> 2025-03-31T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/259832 Comparative analysis of steady and unsteady friction models in numerical simulation of water hammer phenomenon 2025-02-11T14:20:31+07:00 Zakariya Mohsin zakariya394go@gmail.com Zeyad Sulaiman z.alsinjari@umosul.edu.iq Sahad Khilqa sahadsalem@gmail.com <p>This study presents comparative numerical modeling using the method of characteristics to solve the water hammer phenomenon in a pipeline that consists of reservoir-pipe-valve systems resulting from an instantaneous valve closure. Study focused on the unsteady friction approach, the two-coefficient instantaneous acceleration-based unsteady friction model (2-k IAB), which describes the transient flow behavior in pipeline systems during rapid velocity changes that result in water hammer events. Also, the methodology includes developing a mathematical model based on the numerical simulation of the governing equations using the proposed models and validating the model results by utilizing six sets of experimental data from two different laboratory sources. The study compares the performance of steady and unsteady friction models and reveals the limitations and advantages of each in simulating pressure waves resulting from the water hammer. The study also discusses the basic criteria for selecting values when using the average wave speed for experimental data. Numerical results show that the best model and the most consistent with experimental data is the 2-k IAB model, followed by the one-coefficient instantaneous acceleration-based model (1-k IAB), and finally, the least accurate model is the steady friction model. This was validated by using the statistical method Normalized Root Mean Squared Error. The methodology presented in this paper can be a valuable tool for analyzing and designing pipeline systems subjected to the water hammer phenomenon. It provides insights into transient flow characteristics resulting from instantaneous valve closure and helps determine the appropriate mitigation measures to prevent pipeline system damage.</p> 2025-03-14T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/259791 Variations in acoustic emission characteristics across different deformation stages of various materials 2025-01-27T15:53:03+07:00 Atip Loetpiya atipice100@gmail.com Patamaporn Chaikool patamaporn.ch@rmuti.ac.th Yoshiharu Mutoh mutohyoshiharu@yahoo.co.jp Prinya Chindaprasirt prinya@kku.ac.th Teerawat Laonapakul teerla@kku.ac.th <p>Integration of acoustic emission (AE) monitoring with traditional mechanical testing presents an attractive methodology for the prediction and assessment of material failure processes. While AE monitoring during mechanical testing has been extensively applied to study deformation and fracture in individual materials, conducting a comparative analysis across various monolithic materials using a single AE system provides valuable insights. This approach helps identify material-specific signal characteristics and behaviors that are essential for predicting failure in complex, multi-material structures. In this study, uniaxial testing with AE monitoring was conducted for evaluating failure behaviors of four different materials, namely low-carbon steel, aluminum alloy, acrylic and white Portland cement (WPC). The AE patterns obtained from tensile testing of ductile metallic materials, low‑carbon steel and aluminum alloy clearly indicated the regions of elastic, plastic and fracture by difference of peak amplitude intensity of AE signals. AE signals obtained from brittle materials, PMMA acrylic and WPC specimens showed fluctuated AE peak amplitude intensities throughout the linear deformation region until specimen fracture. The AE signals and their corresponding Fast Fourier Transform spectra provide data indicating failure of different materials, as well as failure behaviors, i.e., elastic, plastic and fracture, of ductile metallic materials.</p> 2025-03-21T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/259751 Stress-strain relationships of spirally confined instant concrete under axial compression 2025-02-06T16:31:20+07:00 Mohammad Ghozi mghozi@ubhara.ac.id Anik Budiati anikbudiati2013@ubhara.ac.id Bambang Sabariman bambangsabariman@unesa.ac.id Tavio tavio_w@yahoo.com Slamet Widodo swidodo@uny.ac.id <p>Project activities require the strength of concrete to reach 100% at an age less than 28 days. Many manufacturers have created concrete with a strength that reaches 100% at an age less than 28 days; this product is called instant concrete. This instant concrete can be designed to attain 100% concrete strength at the ages of 7, 14, and 21 days. However, concrete is not only required to be strong; it must also be ductile. Ductility is usually measured after the concrete reaches its peak load phase, namely in inelastic conditions. Square or spiral stirrups can be used for concrete confinement to improve ductility. Spirals are a better confining system than square stirrups. The evidence for this can be seen from the relationship between concrete stress and strain. The concrete stress-strain relationship is necessary as a basis for reinforced concrete design assumptions. However, for instant concrete with a certain age, it is necessary to develop its specific stress-strain relationship model. Thus, this study aims to develop a stress-strain relationship model that can be used as a basis for assumptions in analysing confined concrete structural members. This study measured the concrete strength f'<sub>c</sub> at the ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, and on average it reached the target f'<sub>c</sub> value; the stress-strain relationship tends to fit the Kent-Park model. Therefore, the design of reinforced concrete structural members for the ages of 7, 14, and 21 days can use the proposed stress-strain relationship model.</p> 2025-03-14T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/259697 Enhanced real-time paddy moisture content assessment in pneumatic drying using correction factor 2024-12-09T20:07:47+07:00 Aphisik Pakdeekaew aphisik.p@en.rmutt.ac.th Krawee Treeamnuk krawee@sut.ac.th Tawarat Treeamnuk tawarat@sut.ac.th Manaporn Guptasa nopporn_p@rmutt.ac.th Manop Yamfang manop.y@en.rmutt.ac.th <p>Accurate and real-time monitoring of paddy moisture content during the drying process is critical to preserving rice quality and ensuring efficient post-harvest management. This research article presents the application of weather sensor (DHT22, AM2302, Aosong Electronics Co.,Ltd) that measures air temperature and relative humidity for evaluating paddy moisture content in drying process of a pneumatic dryer. Khao Dawk Mali 105 paddy with initial moisture content of 26%w.b. was dried by a constant drying air temperature of 70 <sup>º</sup>C and the drying air flow rate of 0.0631 m<sup>3</sup>/s with paddy feed rate of 8.45 kg/min throughout the test. Two methods namely DHT-Prediction and DHT-Factor correction methods for evaluating moisture content of paddy were developed by mass balance equation and the result were compared with the reference paddy moisture content analyzed by hot air oven method. The results showed that the DHT-Prediction method gave high moisture measurement error compared to the reference paddy moisture content (R<sup>2</sup> between 0.274 - 0.359 and RMSE between 5.077 - 7.465). The DHT-Factor correction method gave the lowest discrepancy of paddy moisture content during the first 150 minutes of the drying with R<sup>2</sup> of 0.987 and RMSE of 0.515. This method also showed low discrepancy results over the entire drying period which indicated that it has high potential for evaluating the real-time paddy moisture content during drying process.</p> 2025-02-06T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/259517 Attention-X: Enhancing the classification of natural attraction scenes with advanced attention mechanisms 2025-03-01T23:57:51+07:00 Sujitranan Mungklachaiya sujitrananm63@nu.ac.th Anongporn Salaiwarakul anongporns@nu.ac.th <p>This paper proposes the <em>Attention-X</em> method, which is an attention-based framework designed to address the challenges of interclass similarity and intraclass variance in natural scene classification tasks. The proposed method enhances pretrained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) by integrating an attention mechanism that selectively emphasizes salient and discriminative features, which enables the model to more effectively differentiate between visually similar scenes and manage variations within the same class. The proposed Attention-X method generates attention maps aligned with extracted features, integrating spatial representations with channel-wise relevance to overcome the limitations of the original deep features. This fusion enables the model to selectively amplify meaningful feature activations while suppressing irrelevant or redundant information. This improves the model’s ability to distinguish between visually similar scenes and to handle variations within the same class. The proposed method was evaluated on the widely used SUN397, ADE20K, and Places365 benchmark datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed <em>Attention-X</em> method improves classification accuracy while maintaining competitive model complexity, outperforming several state-of-the-art methods. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the proposed method in real-world scenarios where subtle interclass differences and intraclass variability pose significant challenges.</p> 2025-05-28T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/259404 Optimization of aluminum matrix composite production in a friction stir process with MgO nanoparticle reinforcement using ANN-GRA modeling 2025-02-13T21:05:15+07:00 Suriya Prasomthong suriya.p@npu.ac.th Thanatep Phatungthane p_thanatep@yahoo.com Chaiya Chomchalao chaiwelding@ms.npu.ac.th <p>This research focuses on enhancing the performance of magnesium oxide (MgO) particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) using friction stir processing (FSP). The study addresses the limitations of traditional methods, such as response surface methodology (RSM), which often cannot accurately capture the nonlinear relationships between critical parameters. A hybrid model that integrates artificial neural network (ANN) and grey relational analysis (GRA) approaches is developed to improve prediction accuracy and optimize mechanical properties, particularly tensile strength and hardness. MgO particles offer significant advantages by refining the grain structure, enhancing hardness, and improving tensile strength due to their large surface area and thermal stability, thereby increasing the durability and wear resistance of the composites. The ANN model effectively analyzes complex nonlinear relationships, while the GRA technique identifies optimal production parameters. The results demonstrate that the ANN-GRA model outperforms RSM, showing lower mean squared error values and more accurate predictions closely aligned with experimental outcomes. The novelty of this research lies in integration of ANN and GRA to simultaneously optimize multiple FSP parameters, addressing a research gap in composite material improvement. This approach significantly enhances the mechanical properties of the composites while minimizing material and energy use during the production process. The findings of this study hold substantial implications for the aerospace and automotive industries, which require lightweight materials with superior properties. Additionally, this research serves as a foundation for future applications of hybrid machine learning techniques to efficiently and sustainably optimize composite material production.</p> 2025-05-16T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258764 Green extraction of anthocyanins from roselle: A comparative evaluation of extraction techniques and solvents 2025-01-05T21:10:47+07:00 Raihanah Roslan 2022147959@student.uitm.edu.my Muhammad Azri Mohamad Fauzi 2020816752@student.uitm.edu.my Natashah Emira Ahmad Amran 2019619344@student.uitm.edu.my Syamila Mansor syamila.mansor@usim.edu.my Kiki Adi Kurnia kurnia.kikiadi@gmail.com Muhammad Syafiq Hazwan Ruslan syafiqhazwan@uitm.edu.my <p>Due to the abundance of roselle in nature, the potential of the roselle to be a source of natural colorant with high anthocyanin content was explored. Moreover, in conjunction with the 12 principles and practices of Green Chemistry, one of the promising solvents that can offer greenness is deep eutectics solvents (DESs) with broad tunability and high selectivity as an alternative to volatile organic solvents. DESs are solvents comprising a combination of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and hydrogen bond donors (HBD) with lower melting points than their parents’ salts. Therefore, this study explored the potential of DESs as an additive to water as solvents for the extraction of total anthocyanins content (TAC) from roselle extracts. By optimizing extraction parameters, including the best DESs, solid-to-solvent ratio, particle size, and extraction method, this study identified the most effective conditions. Based on the results obtained, the best solvents were choline chloride and triethylene glycol at a ratio of (1:1). Meanwhile, the best solid-to-solvent ratio is 1:15 (g/g). Furthermore, this study obtained the best extraction condition at 750 µm of average particle size using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) with a yield of 119.02 mg/L cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalence (GCE). As a result, UAE is a promising way to get anthocyanins out of roselle, using DESs as an extra solvent and following the set experimental rules. This study highlights the potential of DESs and the UAE to recover valuable compounds from natural sources and promote sustainable and environmentally friendly practices.</p> 2025-03-03T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258721 Properties evaluation of natural bitumen-filler mastic mixture 2024-12-26T15:07:24+07:00 Haneen Kareem Mohsin haneen.mohsen2201m@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq Roaa Hamed Latief roaa.hamed@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq <p>Natural bitumen (NB) is a highly precious material and has drawn increasing attention due to its unique properties, especially since it is available in large quantities and has been used in limited fields. In this research, the exploitation of NB from sulfur springs as an alternative energy resource in the production of asphalt pavement is evaluated. It can be concluded from the experimental results that the chemical composition and surface morphology of NB samples are different from those of base asphalt. Besides, the rheological properties of virgin NB are not sufficient for paving work. To overcome this obstacle, NB from five different springs is modified with limestone filler (LSF) to enhance its properties. LSF is a natural material and is available locally at a low price, usually used as filler material in control asphalt mixtures. The study outcomes reveal that LSF is an effective material and plays a fundamental role in improving the properties of NB since it enhances the resistance against temperature susceptibility and improves the ability of NB to disperse in asphalt mixture. Furthermore, treated NB with LSF boosts the mechanical characteristics, increases the stiffness, and strengthens the resistance against water damage for NB mixtures. Particularly, this research clarified that high Marshall stability is achieved with a treated Al-Mamora sulfur spring-NB mixture, which is 30.4% higher than that of the control mixture. At the same time, the treated Al-Askaree sulfur spring-NB mixture has a stiffness index and tensile strength ratio more than the control mixture by 45% and 3.36%, respectively. In conclusion, adding LSF to NB that is extracted from sulfur springs can produce a new type of asphalt binder more suitable for use in road pavement.</p> 2025-01-24T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258628 Experimental study on the stabilization of laterite soil with chitosan biopolymer for subgrade applications 2025-01-28T14:38:46+07:00 Shailendra Pandurang Banne bannemtech@gmail.com Ganesh S. Ingle ganesh.ingle@mitwpu.edu.in Arun Dhawale awdhawale2009@gmail.com Siddharth Gaikwad gaikwad.siddharth1@gmail.com Sudarshan Bobade sudarshan.bobade@pccoer.in <p>Laterite soil, commonly found in the Konkan region in Maharashtra, India, often needs better engineering properties, posing challenges for its use in construction. By adding chitosan, a naturally occurring biopolymer derived from chitin, the study aims to enhance the geotechnical properties of laterite soil. Both untreated and chitosan-treated laterite soil samples were subjected to various laboratory tests, including the California Bearing Ratio (CBR), compaction, Atterberg limits, and direct shear testing. The chitosan was added in varying percentages (0.15%, 0.30%, and 0.45 % by weight) to determine the optimal dosage for laterite soil stabilisation. As the chitosan concentration increases from 0% to 0.3%, the Maximum dry density (MDD) value increases from 1.41 gm/cc to 1.92 gm/cc; adding chitosan further slightly decreases the MDD. The un-soaked CBR value of laterite soil containing 0.30% chitosan biopolymer increased by 108.81%, while the soaked CBR value increased by 142.83%. The soil's cohesiveness and internal friction angle increased by 120% and 15%, respectively, with the optimal dose of 0.30% chitosan. Utilising chitosan in T8 subgrade soil costs INR 6.48 crores, which is 2.57 times more than laterite soil, and requires a pavement depth of 1395 mm. In the case of T9 subgrade soil, at a depth of 1495 mm, the cost is INR 8.08 crores, which is 3.14 times more than that of laterite soil. This study highlights the potential of chitosan biopolymer as an eco-friendly and sustainable soil stabilizer for subgrade applications. It also offers a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis for pavement applications, demonstrating the financial feasibility of using chitosan biopolymer despite its higher initial costs.</p> 2025-05-06T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258616 Reinforced concrete and embodied carbon in construction: Challenges and pathways to reduction in Thailand 2025-01-05T21:01:24+07:00 Surapong Liwthaisong surapong.sl@kkumail.com Tanayut Chaithongrat tanayut.c@msu.ac.th Preenithi Aksorn preenithi@kku.ac.th <p>The increasing demand for construction in Thailand, driven by urbanization and infrastructure development, has heightened the urgency of addressing embodied carbon emissions in reinforced concrete projects. This study evaluates the life cycle carbon emissions of a six-story outpatient department building, focusing on the manufacturing, transportation, and construction stages. Data were collected through stakeholder interviews and analysis of project-specific documents, such as bills of quantities and construction plans. Results reveal that the manufacturing stage contributes 92.75% of total emissions, with concrete and steel as the primary sources, accounting for 6.506 kt CO₂eq. Transportation and construction contribute 6.41% and 0.84%, respectively. The study identifies practical strategies for reducing embodied carbon, including material substitution with supplementary cementitious materials, optimizing logistics, and improving energy efficiency in construction practices. These strategies not only mitigate environmental impacts but also address economic and quality considerations, ensuring feasibility in the local context. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and construction professionals to integrate low-carbon practices, contributing to the national and global goals of sustainable development. This research offers a comprehensive framework for reducing embodied carbon emissions while maintaining economic viability and construction quality, positioning Thailand as a leader in sustainable construction.</p> 2025-02-21T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258566 Agricultural drought characterization for sugarcane management in Thailand 2025-01-07T14:10:11+07:00 Piyapong Wongkhunkaew piyapong_w@kkumail.com Vichai Sriboonlue vichai@kku.ac.th Supasit Konyai supako@kku.ac.th <p>One of the main factors affecting sugarcane production in Thailand is drought hazard due to reliance on rainfed irrigation. Sugarcane agricultural drought was studied over four regions of dense cane areas from 1990 to 2020 to help inform appropriate policies and practices for mitigating future damages. The research aimed to assess agricultural drought variability of 15 locations throughout the mainland Thailand during the three decades. Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was used as an indicator and then transformed into the standardized ETa index (SEaI12) over a 12-month timescale, as the sugarcane crop cycle in Thailand is approximately 12 months. For the last decade, the SEaI12 series of each location was correlated with sugarcane yield, sweetness (CCS), and Nino 3.4 resulting in very good, poor, and fair, respectively. All SEaI12 time series were quantified for drought event time series using the run theory. The severity of drought was characterized by duration and deficit, and since they were closely related, only duration was explored. All evaluation processes from ETa to SEaI12 to drought characteristics were cautiously performed in detail. Drought characterizations were demonstrated in two conditions: (i) spatial distribution of the longest drought from each location; (ii) comparison of distribution and frequency of droughts among the three decades. The highest value of the longest drought is located at the highest latitude and decreases towards the lower latitudes. Among the three decades, the 1990s, an El Nino dominated decade, showed highest accumulated drought and frequency values and the 2000s, a La Nina dominated decade, gave the lowest values.</p> 2025-03-04T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258433 An investigation of pyrolysis kinetics in microwave-assisted conversion of oil palm shell and activated carbon for sustainable bio-oil production 2024-11-13T16:44:19+07:00 Saysunee Jumrat saysunee.j@psu.ac.th Teerasak Punvichai teerasak.p@psu.ac.th Wichuta Sae-jie wichuta.sa@psu.ac.th Watsana Boonsawaeng watsana.b@psu.ac.th Saranyoo Klaiklay saranyoo.k@psu.ac.th Jirapond Muangprathub jirapond.m@psu.ac.th Seppo Karrila seppo.karrila@gmail.com Yutthapong Pianoroj yutthapong.p@psu.ac.th <p>This study explores microwave (MW) pyrolysis of oil palm shell (OPS) blended with activated carbon (AC) to produce bio-oil, focusing on the pyrolysis kinetics and the effect of different feedstock ratios. Three OPS mixtures (70:30, 75:25, and 80:20) were analyzed at a constant temperature of 400°C. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that acetic acid, phenol, and other oxygenated compounds were dominant in the resulting bio-oils. Pyrolysis kinetics were modeled using a first-order reaction approach, with rate constants and activation energies determined for each blend. The 75:25 ratio yielded the highest bio-oil content and exhibited the most favorable kinetic performance, showing strong alignment between experimental and simulated data (<em>R</em>² = 0.758). The study also examined the impact of pyrolysis temperatures (400°C, 500°C, and 600°C) at the fixed 75:25 ratio, demonstrating that temperature plays a key role in both enhancing bio-oil yield and altering its chemical composition.</p> 2024-12-02T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2024 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258421 Enhancing geopolymer mortars: The role of surgical face masks in modifying mechanical and thermal properties 2024-11-27T16:06:55+07:00 Preecha Salaemae preecha.s@pnu.ac.th Akkadath Abdulmatin akkadath.a@pnu.ac.th Woraphot Prachasaree pworaphot@eng.psu.ac.th Abideng Hawa abideng.hawa@gmail.com <p>The primary aim of this study is to examine how expanded surgical face masks (SFMs) affect the mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, thermal insulation, and microstructure of geopolymer mortars. In the experimental phase, SFMs were used after removing the inner nose wires and ear loops, then cut into 5 mm × 5 mm pieces. These SFMs were added to various mixtures at different weight percentages (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%), along with palm oil clinker (POC) and alkali activator. The mechanical properties of the mixtures, such as compressive strength, bulk density, and water absorption, underwent evaluation through testing. Moreover, thermal conductivity and thermal insulation measurements were carried out to gauge the effect of SFMs on this property. Microstructural analysis of the mixtures was conducted using scanning electron microscopy SEM to examine the impact of SFMs on mortar microstructure. The test results indicated that geopolymer mortar containing 2% SFM achieved a compressive strength of 67.3 ksc at 28 days, with an alkaline to fly ash ratio of 0.8 and POC to fly ash ratio of 3. The geopolymer mortars with POC containing SFMs had a bulk density ranging from 1,233 to 1533 kg/m<sup>3</sup> at 28 days. Notably, the use of SFMs resulted in a substantial enhancement in thermal conductivity and thermal insulation. Additionally, a strong correlation was found between thermal conductivity and bulk density, suggesting a potential relationship between these properties.</p> 2025-01-07T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258321 Optimization of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles using Mimosa pudica L. for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue: A response surface methodology approach 2024-12-26T14:55:11+07:00 Pharini Chaison pharinich@kkumail.com Wimonrat Tongpoothorn wimonrat.to@rmuti.ac.th Kitiyaporn Wittayanarakul kitiwi@kku.ac.th Manop Sriuttha manosr@kku.ac.th <p>Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using <em>Mimosa pudica</em> L. leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. AgNP yield was maximized using central composite design (CCD) based on response surface methodology (RSM). An AgNO<sub>3</sub> concentration of 3.06 mM, 732 µL extract volume, a 616 W microwave power level, and a 2.35 min reaction time were optimal conditions. Extract volume showed the highest impact on synthesis (F-value: 795.57), followed by microwave power (F-value: 168.84), reaction time (F-value: 51.38), and AgNO<sub>3</sub> concentration (F-value: 49.72). UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) was used to characterize the synthesized AgNPs. A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 428 nm was observed. It was found from diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) that the bandgap is 2.34 eV. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of functional groups of plant metabolites that served as capping and reducing agents. Spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 7.39±2.37 nm were observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of AgNPs. EDX was employed to study the elemental composition. Synthesized AgNPs were assessed as a photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation under solar light irradiation. A 79.07% conversion was achieved under optimized conditions. Kinetic studies revealed that the degradation of methylene blue followed a pseudo-second-order model with a rate constant of 0.0929 mg<sup>-1</sup> L min<sup>-1</sup> and R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9990. This green synthesis is a viable, sustainable, and cost-effective way to prepare AgNPs with good photocatalytic properties.</p> 2025-03-12T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258318 Impact of bentonite content on electrical resistivity and compressive strength of cement paste for grounding system applications 2025-02-18T14:03:34+07:00 Sitthiphat Eua-apiwatch sitthiphat@eng.buu.ac.th Rungroj Arjwech rungroj@kku.ac.th Apisak Chairojwattana apisak@buu.ac.th Worasit Kanjanakijkasem worasit@eng.buu.ac.th Chaiwat Kanhari chaiwat@buu.ac.th Sirichai Pethrung sirichai.p@mail.rmutk.ac.th <p>This study investigates the influence of bentonite content on the electrical resistivity and compressive strength of cement pastes for grounding system applications. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Non-Shrink Grout (NSG) were modified by addition of bentonite contents ranging from 0 to 50% by weight. Bulk and surface resistivity testing was conducted to evaluate the electrical properties. Compression testing was performed to determine mechanical performance. The experimental results indicated that the bulk electrical resistivity was significantly reduced due to the increased bentonite content. It decreased from 55.65 to 0.86 Ωm for OPC and from 325.55 to 0.69 Ωm for NSG after curing for 28 days. Although its electrical properties were improved, compressive strength was decreased from 18.52 to 0.06 MPa for OPC and from 18.91 to 0.07 MPa for NSG. Electrical resistivity and compressive strength exhibited strong correlations following exponential and power law relationships with moisture content, respectively. Finally, it was found that a 30% bentonite content offers an acceptable trade-off between electrical and mechanical properties for grounding applications in high-resistivity soils.</p> 2025-05-06T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258310 Enhanced visual insights and diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases via Mufinet-DCGAN framework 2025-03-15T22:15:37+07:00 Jayalakshmi Ramachandran Nair jayabinoy2021@gmail.com Sumathy Pichai Pillai sumathy.p@bdu.ac.in Rajkumar Narayanan rajkumar.mnm@gmail.com <p>Accurate identification and classification of medical images are pivotal in recent medical diagnostics. Despite considerable advancements in deep learning, current methodologies face challenges in capturing nuanced details, particularly from the perspective of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Moreover, there is a prominent gap in the investigation of integrating sophisticated image enhancement techniques, such as contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE), and classification strategies leveraging convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This study proposes a novel methodology that synergistically combines the MufiNet-DCGAN approach to enhance image resolution and refine ILD classification. Through rigorous experimentation, our proposed method achieves commendable accuracy (98.75%), precision (98.01%), recall (98.63%), and F1 score (97.99%). These results underscore the potential of the proposed approach to advance medical diagnostics by furnishing robust tools for precise disease detection.</p> 2025-06-10T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258255 Ecological concrete blocks with sawdust additions: Overview of mechanical and microstructural analysis 2025-03-15T22:12:10+07:00 Sócrates Pedro Muñoz Pérez socrates.munoz@untrm.edu.pe Miriam Gianella Romero Carrasco rcarrascomiriam@uss.edu.pe Edy Brayan Olivera Espinoza oespinozae@uss.edu.pe Juan Martín García Chumacero gchumacerojuanm@uss.edu.pe Elver Sánchez Diaz sanchezdelv@uss.edu.pe Angel Willian Ocaña Rodriguez aocana@unab.edu.pe Luigi Italo Villena Zapata luigi.villena@upn.pe Ana Paula Bernal Izquierdo bizquierdoanapa@uss.edu.pe <p>Environmental pollution is closely linked to construction practices, especially due to the reliance on non-sustainable materials. This study addresses the scientific challenge of optimizing the sustainability of non-structural concrete blocks through the addition of sawdust, added as a weight-based replacement for sand. The objective was to develop eco-friendly concrete blocks with sawdust to determine their physical, mechanical, and microstructural characteristics. A control sample was prepared, together with four treatments containing sawdust at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% as a replacement for sand. Tests were conducted to evaluate compressive strength (CR) of individual masonry units, compressive strength of masonry piles, and diagonal shear strength of masonry walls. The results showed that increasing sawdust content led to higher water absorption compared to the control sample. The optimum performance was observed at a 5% sawdust addition, where the compressive strength of piles and the diagonal shear strength of walls increased by 8.59% and 5.51%, respectively. However, compressive strength in masonry units decreased as the sawdust percentage increased. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed the presence of crystals such as quartz, calcite, albite, nahcolite, ettringite, cronstedtite, and an amorphous phase, along with chemical elements like carbon, oxygen, silica, and calcium, as well as a slight reduction in voids. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the integration of sawdust as a sustainable additive to improve specific mechanical properties while reducing environmental impact. It is concluded that it is feasible to produce eco-friendly concrete blocks with low sawdust doses that meet the required mechanical standards and exhibit suitable microstructural characteristics. These blocks can be effectively used in non-load-bearing walls and other construction applications where sustainability is a priority.</p> 2025-07-15T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258250 The effects of voltage variations and surface on the performance of an HHO generator using a NaOH catalyst 2025-03-15T22:08:40+07:00 Asmawi Marullah Ridwan asmawi@civitas.unas.ac.id Muhd Ridzuan Mansor muhd.ridzuan@utem.edu.my Noreffendy Tamaldin noreffendy@utem.edu.my Ajat Sudrajat ajat.sudrajat@civitas.unas.ac.id Viktor Vekky Ronald Repi vekky_repi@civitas.unas.ac.id Fahamsyah Hamdan Latief fhlatief@civitas.unas.ac.id <p>The objective of this work is to test the HHO generator by implementing innovations on the electrode plate surface and varying the input voltage. Some important indicators, such as H<sub>2</sub> gas production rate, output current, output temperature, and operating time, were carefully tested as an evaluation of the HHO generator's performance. The HHO generator's electrolyte was NaOH as a catalyst, and the concentration was maintained at 60 g/l. This study is mostly interested in how the voltage changed between 12V and 14V when different electrode surface textures were used. The findings demonstrated that an increase in voltage generally exhibits an increasing trend in H<sub>2</sub> gas production rate, output current, and output temperature, along with a decrease in operating time. The most striking was the H<sub>2</sub> production rate, which increased significantly by 422.13% with the voltage variations on the cross surface. Even the output current and output temperature were quite high on the cross surface as a function of voltage variation. In contrast, the operating time showed a sharp decrease with the increase in voltage on the cross surface, from 98.06 s at 12 V to 18.78 s at 14 V. It should be noted that the cross surface revealed the shortest operating time and was also the most efficient in the HHO gas production process compared to other types of surfaces. This research can aid in the addition of gas to improve the performance and emissions of gasoline engines.</p> 2025-05-19T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/258226 Integrating systematic layout planning and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process in the design of sorting and packing fresh fruit facilities: A case study in Thailand 2024-11-14T14:52:44+07:00 Thanapong Ruamsuke thanapong_ru@rmutto.ac.th Wichuda Mingsakul wichuda_mi@rmutto.ac.th Nalinee Chanamool nalinee_ch@rmutto.ac.th <p>The aim of this study was to contribute to the sustainable development of small and medium-sized Thai fruit exporters who face challenges in business expansion due to limitations in the operational systems of their packing houses, which represent a critical unit in the fruit supply chain. The research had three objectives. The first is to develop a layout that is aligned with the business conditions of the case study entity, with a focus on efficient space utilisation and the incorporation of movement and sorting technologies guided by Muther's systematic layout planning principles. The second involves establishing criteria for selecting operational layouts for agro-businesses, based on the application of supply chain principles that emphasise operational efficiency, food production hygiene, and worker safety. These criteria were developed through a combination of literature review and expert input from agro-industry professionals and engineering academics, within the framework of the SCOR model. The final objective was to evaluate and select the developed layouts using MCDM methods. The results indicated that the requirements for a production system can be divided into export-oriented products, which demand more resource-intensive processes, and products for domestic auction markets. Activities were categorised into two types, processing and storage, and comprised seven activities, which were analysed to develop four distinct layout designs based on differences in input-output flow, production processes, and equipment positioning. Of the criteria considered for layout selection, the highest priorities for organisational management were efficient movement and maintenance (20.03%), effective space utilisation (19.93%) and non-overlapping flow directions (16.1%). Ultimately, the third layout alternative was selected at 30.40%, as it scored the highest on movement efficiency, and featured no overlapping transfer points, optimal space allocation, and minimal waste of space.</p> 2025-01-08T00:00:00+07:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Engineering and Applied Science Research