Study of Fractional Deviation of Resonating Length of Vocal Track for Different Vowels

2025-04-22T13:43:23+07:00

The vocal tract is an acoustical tube, which has been estimated from the resonant properties of a tube. The fractional deviation is the deviation of the actual vocal tract length from the resonating vocal tract length. In this paper, we have studied the estimation of fractional deviation of effective resonating length of the vocal tract for different vowels. First, measure the formant frequency of different vowels of Garhwali (Hindi) and Nepali speakers. The calculated value of the resonating length of the vocal track and the fractional deviation of effective resonating length for different vowels are estimated. The average length of the vocal tract of Nepali and Garhwali (Hindi) male speakers is 17.70 cm and 18.12 cm, and for female speakers, 15.28 cm and 15.02 cm, respectively. The average ratio of the length of the vocal tract of male to female speakers is 1.16 and 1.21 for Nepali and Garhwali (Hindi) speakers. The fractional deviation of central vowels /a/ and /Λ/ have a great value, but fronts (/i/, /I/, /e/, /e/) and back (/Ɔ/, /O/, /U/, /u/) vowels have the lowest values.

Keywords: Vocal tract, Resonating, Front, Central, Back, Vowels, Speakers, Fractional deviation

Assessing the Impact of Urbanization on Groundwater Resources: Using Geophysical Surveys to Assess Groundwater Recharge Rates, Aquifer Storage, and Water Quality

2024-06-11T22:12:57+07:00

The increased scale of urbanization has borne a substantial load on groundwater resources, and hence, a proper assessment system is required to affirm the sustainability of water management. This multi-disciplinary study integrated geophysical surveys and water quality analyses to assess recharge rates, stored water, and water quality in an urban setting. Electrical resistivity tomography can significantly outline the potential provisions for underground materials and groundwater. Conversely, ground-penetrating radar aims to identify soil levels, water tables, and hidden utilities. Seismic refraction maps showed that deeper down, there were layers of denser rocks, like sandstone and limestone, with much fewer holes. To gain a deeper understanding, we employed the 'Magnetic Resonance Sounding' technique, which mathematically demonstrated that Site D possessed the thickest aquifer (12.456 m) with the highest porosity (35.123%) and transmissivity (90.234 m²/day). During the water quality analysis, we found chloride levels (70.123 mg/L) and conductivity (1200.234 S/cm) above normal levels at Site B. The possible contamination sources were detected. Applying these approaches together resulted in the acquisition of a complete picture of groundwater processes and revealed diverse management measures for each potential site. The outcomes of this research add to the knowledge of methodological procedures for this unique branch of hydrology and will provide professional support in sustainable urban planning as water supply remains a significant challenge within urbanized areas.

Keywords: Tectonic survey, Resistivity tomography, Ground penetrating radar, Refraction method, Seismic refraction, MR sounding, Sustainability

Thai Journal of Physics

Study of Fractional Deviation of Resonating Length of Vocal Track for Different Vowels

Assessing the Impact of Urbanization on Groundwater Resources: Using Geophysical Surveys to Assess Groundwater Recharge Rates, Aquifer Storage, and Water Quality